Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
ASPHC Baner

Vol. 25 No. 3 (2026):

Research paper

Biotechnological modulation of metabolite profiles in Ganoderma resinaceum cultivated on agricultural residues

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2026.5655
Submitted: 12 January 2026
Published: 22.06.2026

Abstract

Ganoderma resinaceum is a medicinal macrofungus recognised for its diverse pharmacologically active metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids, and polysaccharides with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer potential. This study aimed to elucidate how substrate formulation based on agricultural residues can modulate the metabolic composition of G. resinaceum under controlled cultivation conditions. Nine substrate mixtures were prepared using chickpea (Cicer arietinum), pea (Pisum sativum), and poppy (Papaver somniferum) stalks, as well as corncobs (Zea mays), in combination with beech sawdust and wheat bran. The fruiting bodies were analysed for amino acid, organic acid, and sugar profiles using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results demonstrated that substrate composition markedly influenced metabolite accumulation. Chickpea- and pea-based substrates promoted the biosynthesis of key amino acids, whereas poppy stalk affected organic acid balance, and corncob formulations modified sugar metabolism. The findings indicate that metabolite production in G. resinaceum is strongly substrate-dependent, reflecting both nutrient availability and biochemical adaptability of the fungus. Overall, the study highlights a sustainable biotechnological approach to enhance bioactive metabolite production through tailored substrate design. The outcomes provide a foundation for future optimisation of G. resinaceum cultivation toward pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

References

  1. Ahmad, R., Riaz, M., Khan, A. et al. (2021). Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) an edible mushroom: A comprehensive and critical review of its nutritional, cosmeceutical, mycochemical, pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological properties. Phytother. Res., 35(11), 6030–6062. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7215
  2. Amiri-Sadeghan, A., Aftabi, Y., Arvanagh, R.A. et al. (2022). A review of substrates for solid-state fermentation of lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), for basidiome production and effect on bioactive compounds. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms, 24(4), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022043192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2022043192
  3. Andersen, P. (2026). Ganoderma lucidum industry statistics. https://wifitalents.com/ganoderma-lucidum-industry-statistics [date of access: 12.04.2026].
  4. AOAC (2019). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 21st ed. Washington DC. https://www.aoac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Front-Matter-List-of-Changes-2.pdf [date of access: 11.03.2026].
  5. Begum, N., Khan, Q.U., Liu, L.G. et al. (2023). Nutritional composition, health benefits and bio-active compounds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Front. Nutr., 10, 1218468. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1218468 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1218468
  6. Bennett, M. (2026). Ganoderma lucidum industry statistics. https://zipdo.co/ganoderma-lucidum-industry-statistics/ [date of access: 24.05.2026].
  7. Chang, S.T., Miles, P.G. (2004). Mushrooms. Cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact. 2nd ed. CRC Press.
  8. Chen, B.Z., Ke, B.R., Ye, L.Y. et al. (2017). Isolation and varietal characterization of Ganoderma resinaceum from areas of Ganoderma lucidum production in China. Sci. Hortic., 224, 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.06.002
  9. Chen, X.-Q., Zhao, J., Chen, L.-X. et al. (2018). Lanostane triterpenes from the mushroom Ganoderma resinaceum and their inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase. Phytochemistry, 149, 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.01.007
  10. Cormican, T., Staunton, L. (1991). Factors in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) compost productivity. In: Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Maher (Ed.), Balkema, Rotterdam, 4, 221–224.
  11. Day, L. (2013). Proteins from land plants – potential resources for human nutrition and food security. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 32(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2013.05.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2013.05.005
  12. Duke, J.A. (2017). Handbook of phytochemical constituent grass, herbs and other economic plants. Herbal reference library. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203752623
  13. Elisashvili, V. (2012). Submerged cultivation of medicinal mushrooms. Bioprocesses and products (review). Int. J. Med. Mushr., 14(3), 211–239. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i3.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i3.10
  14. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2024). FAOSTAT statistical database. Crops and livestock products: Mushrooms and truffles production in Türkiye. Retrieved March 15, 2024, from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
  15. Galappaththi, M.C.A., Patabendige, N.M., Premarathne, B.M. et al. (2023). Review of Ganoderma triterpenoids and their bioactivities. Biomolecules, 13(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13010024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13010024
  16. Gong, T., Yan, R., Kang, J. et al. (2019). Chemical components of Ganoderma. In: Lin, Z., Yang, R. (eds.), Ganoderma and health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1181, Springer, 39–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9867-4_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9867-4_3
  17. Henderson, J.W., Ricker, R.D., Bidlingmeyer, B.A. et al. (1999). Rapid, accurate, sensitive, and reproducible HPLC analysis of amino acids. Amino acid analysis using Zorbax Eclipse-AAA columns and the Agilent 1200 HPLC. Agilent Technologies.
  18. Jonathan, S.G., Fasidi, I.O. (2001). Effect of carbon, nitrogen and mineral sources on growth of Psathyrella atroumbonata (Pegler), a Nigerian edible mushroom. Food Chem., 72(4), 479–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00265-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00265-X
  19. Jukanti, A.K., Gaur, P.M., Gowda, C.L.L. et al. (2012). Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). A review. Brit. J. Nutr., 108(S1), S11–S26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512000797 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512000797
  20. Kacar, B. (1972). Bitki ve toprağın kimyasal analizleri, II. Bitki analizleri. Uygulama Kılavuzu 155. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara, 453. [in Turkish]
  21. Kocabaş, D.S., Köle, M., Yağcı, S. (2020). Development and optimization of hemicellulose extraction bioprocess from poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) stalks assisted by instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) pretreatment. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 29, 101793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101793 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101793
  22. Kozarski, M.S., Klaus, A.S., Vunduk, J.D. et al. (2020). Health impact of the commercially cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus and wild-growing mushroom Ganoderma resinaceum. A comparative overview. J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 85(6), 721–735. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC190930129K DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC190930129K
  23. Limayem, A., Ricke, S.C. (2012). Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. Current perspectives, potential issues and future prospects. Progr. Energy Combust. Sci., 38(4), 449–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2012.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2012.03.002
  24. Ma, C., Sun, Z., Chen, C. et al. (2014). Simultaneous separation and determination of fructose, sorbitol, glucose and sucrose in fruits by HPLC-ELSD. Food Chem., 145, 784–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.135
  25. Niu, X.M., Li, S.H., Xiao, W.L. et al. (2007). Two new lanostanoids from Ganoderma resinaceum. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 9(7), 659–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020600979910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020600979910
  26. Nastišin, Ľ., Fejér, J., Hercek, R. et al. (2025). Effects of plant growth regulators and foliar nutrients on the alkaloid content in poppy straw of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Int. J. Plant Biol., 16(2), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020066
  27. Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M., New, E. (2017). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 7th ed. W.H. Freeman, New Your, 1328.
  28. Nosworthy, M.G., Neufeld, J., Frohlich, P. et al. (2017). Determination of the protein quality of cooked Canadian pulses. Food Sci. Nutr., 5(4), 896–903. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.473
  29. Obodai, M., Mensah, D.L., Fernandes, A. et al. (2017). Chemical characterization and antioxidant potential of wild Ganoderma species from Ghana. Molecules, 22(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020196
  30. Olgun, M., Turan, M., Katar, D. et al. (2016). Determination of changes on minerals, amino and organic acids on different growing periods of buckwheat and cereal genotypes. Biol. Div. Conserv., 9(2), 147–156.
  31. Paliya, B.S., Verma, S.M.R.A.T.I., Chaudhary, H.S. (2014). Major bioactive metabolites of the medicinal mushroom: Ganoderma lucidum. Int. J. Pharm. Res., 6(1), 13.
  32. Peng, G., Xiong, C., Zeng, X. et al. (2024). Exploring nutrient profiles, phytochemical composition, and the antiproliferative activity of Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma leucocontextum: a comprehensive comparative study. Foods, 13(4), 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13040614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13040614
  33. Rašeta, M., Popović, M., Čapo, I. et al. (2020). Antidiabetic effect of two different Ganoderma species tested in alloxan diabetic rats. RSC Advances, 10(17), 10382–10393. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra10158f DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA10158F
  34. Rašeta, M., Kebert, M., Mišković, J. et al. (2024). Ganoderma pfeifferi Bres. and Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. as potential therapeutic agents: a comparative study on antiproliferative and lipid-lowering properties. J. Fungi, 10(7), 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070501
  35. Rashad, F.M., El Kattan, M.H., Fathy, H.M. et al. (2019). Recycling of agro-wastes for Ganoderma lucidum mushroom production and Ganoderma post mushroom substrate as soil amendment. Waste Manag., 88, 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.040
  36. Rehman, A.B., Gulfraz, M., Raja, G.K. et al. (2015). A comprehensive approach to utilize an agricultural pea peel (Pisum sativum) waste as a potential source for bio-ethanol production. Roman. Biotechnol. Lett., 20(3), 10422–10430.
  37. Ren, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, T. (2021). Immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides from Ganoderma on immune effector cells. Food Chem., 340, 127933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127933 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127933
  38. Ren, S., Liu, H., Sang, Q. et al. (2025). A review of bioactive components and pharmacological effects of Ganoderma lucidum. Food Sci. Nutr., 13(7), e70623. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70623 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70623
  39. Royse, D.J. (2002). Influence of spawn rate and commercial delayed-release nutrient levels on Pleurotus cornucopiae yield, size, and time to production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 58(4), 527–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-001-0919-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-001-0915-2
  40. Royse, D.J., Baars, J., Tan, Q. (2017). Current overview of mushroom production in the world. In: C.Z. Diego, A. Pardo-Giménez, Edible and medicinal mushrooms: technology and applications. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119149446.ch2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119149446.ch2
  41. Stojkovic, D.S., Barros, L., Calhelha, R.C. et al. (2014). A detailed comparative study between chemical and bioactive properties of Ganoderma lucidum from different origins. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 65(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2013.832173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2013.832173
  42. Sułkowska-Ziaja, K., Balik, M., Szczepkowski, A. et al. (2023a). A review of chemical composition and bioactivity studies of the most promising species of Ganoderma spp. Diversity, 15(8), 882. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15080882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/d15080882
  43. Sułkowska-Ziaja, K., Trepa, M., Olechowska-Jarząb, A. et al. (2023b). Natural compounds of fungal origin with antimicrobial activity—Potential cosmetics applications. Pharmaceuticals, 16(9), 1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16091200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16091200
  44. Vohra, A., Satyanarayana, T. (2001). Phytase production by the yeast, Pichia anomala. Biotechnol. Lett., 23, 551–554. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010314114053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010314114053
  45. Wachtel-Galor, S., Yuen, J., Buswell, J.A. et al. (2011). Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): a medicinal mushroom. In: I.F.F. Benzie, S. Wachtel-Galor (eds.), Herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. CRC Press/Taylor Francis, Boca Raton. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92757/
  46. Wang, L., Li, J.Q., Zhang, J. et al. (2020). Traditional uses, chemical components and pharmacological activities of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst.: a review. RSC Advances, 10(70), 42084–42097. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA07260C DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA07219B

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.