Fruits of goji berry (Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense) – new possibility for horticulture or risk for consumers?
ADAM MAROSZ
Instytut Ogrodnictwa, Pracownia Szkółkarstwa ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 SkierniewiceAbstract
Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense are two out of some 100 species of the genus Lycium belonging to the Solanaceae family that are grown for their decorative value and low soil requirements. However, in recent years some possibilities for fruits production appeared together with the new cultivars selection and interest in its health benefits. In the traditional Chinese medicine fresh and dry fruits, juice and other part of the plant, e.g. root bark, leaves have been used for centuries. Now on the market not only plants are available, but also dry fruit from China are sold throughout the country. Consumers’ opinions differ because some literature presented L. barbarum, and L. chinense as a toxic plant. In connection with these reports, possibilities of fruit using and establishing of Lycium plantation in the Polish conditions, based on literature, are discussed and presented.
Keywords:
goji berry, wolfberry, cultivation, chemical fruit compositionReferences
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Amagase H., Sun B., Borek C., 2009. Lycium barbarum (goji) juice improves in vivo antioxi-dant biomarkers in serum of healthy adults. Nutr. Res. 29,19–25.
Bieniasz M., 2016. Jagoda goji. Z pomysłem. Truskawka Malina Jagody 10, 30–31.
Bugała W., 2000. Drzewa i krzewy dla terenów zieleni. PWRiL, Warszawa, wyd. 2, s. 554–555.
Chang R.C., So K., 2008. Use of antiaging herbal medicine, Lycium barbarum against aging-associated diseases. What do we know so far? Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 28, 643–652.
Cheng C.Y., Chung W.Y., Szeto Y.T., Benzie I.F., 2005 Fasting plasma zeaxanthin response to Fructus barbarum L. (wolfberry; Kei Tze) in a food-based human supplementation trial. Br. J. Nutr. 93 (1), 123–130.
Cheng D., Kong H., 2011. The effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on alcohol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Molecules 16, 2542–2550.
Chung I.M., Ali M., Praveen N., Yu B.R., Kim S.H., Ahmad A., 2014. New polyglucopyranosyl and polyarabinopyranosyl of fatty acid derivatives from the fruits of Lycium chinense and its antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 151, 435–443.
Cui B.K., Liu S., Lin X.J., Wang J., Li S.H., Wang Q.B., Li S.P., 2011. Effects of Lycium barbarum aqueous and ethanol extracts on high-fat-diet induced oxidative stress in rat liver tissue. Molecules 16, 9116–9128.
Demchak C., 2014. Goji berry culture. The Pennsylvania State University, http://extension.psu. edu/plants/tree-fruit/news/2014/goji-berry-culture (dostęp: luty 2017).
Dong J.Z., Lu D.Y., Wang Y., 2009. Analysis of Flavonoids from Leaves of Cultivated Lycium barbarum L. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 64, 199–204.
Drost-Karbowska K., Hajdrych-Szaufer M., Kowalewski Z., 1984. Search for alkaloid-type bases in Lycium halimifolium. Acta Pol. Pharm. 41, 127–129.
Fraser R., 2010. Goji Offers Growers Opportunities for Diversification. Growing Magazine 5, http://www.growingmagazine.com/fruits/goji-offers-growers-opportunities-for-diversification/ (dostęp 17.02.2017).
Freedman B.J., 1980. Sulphur dioxide in foods and beverages: Its uses as a preservative and its effect on astma. Br. J. Dis. Chest 71, 128–134.
Funayama S., Yoshida K., Komo C., Hikino H., 1980. Structure of kukoamine A, hypotensive principle of Lycium chinense root barks. Tetrahedron Lett. 21, 1355–1356.
Funayama S., Zhang G.R., Nozoe S., 1995. Kukoamine B, a spermine alkaloid from Lycium chinense. Phytochemistry 38 (6), 1529–1531.
Harsh M.L., 1989. Tropane alcaloids from Lycium barbarum Linn., in vivo and in vitro. Current Sci. 58 (14), 817–818.
Henneberg M., Klawitter M., Kozłowski J., Marciniak J., Skrzydlewska E., 1984. W: M. Henneberg i E. Skrzydlewska (red.), Zatrucia roślinami wyższymi i grzybami. Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich, Warszawa, 158–159.
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Inbaraj B.S., Lu H., Hung C.F., Wu W.B., Lin C.L., Chen B.H., 2008. Determination of carotenoids and their esters in fruits of Lycium barbarum Linnaeus by HPLC–DAD–APCI–MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 47, 812–818.
Jin, M., Huang Q., Zhao K., Shang P., 2013. Biological activities and potential health benefit effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 54, 16–23.
Kruczek A., Ochmian I., 2016. The influence of shurbs cutting method on yielding and quality of the goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.). Folia Pomer. Univ. Technol. Stetin., Agric., Al-iment., Pisc., Zootech. 330 (40) 4, 131–138.
Krüssmann G., 1977. Handbuch dre Laubgehölze. Band II. Paul Parey, Berlin–Hamburg. 268–271.
Lam K.W., But P., 1999. The content of zeaxanthin in Gou Qi Zi, a potential health benefit to improve visual acuity. Food Chem. 67, 173–176.
Lam A.Y., Elmer G.W., Mohutsky M.A., 2001 Possible interaction between warfarin and Lyci-um barbarum L. Ann. Pharmacother. 35, 1199–1201.
Lee B.C., Paik S.W., Kim S.D., Tun T.S., Park J.S., Kwak T.S., 1999. Growth characteristic and yield of collected boxthorn (Lycium chinense Mill.) varietas. Korean Soc. Medicinal Crop Sci. 7, 147–154.
Leung H., Hung A., Hui A.C.F., Chan T.Y.K., 2008. Warfarin overdose due to the possible effects of Lycium barbarum L. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 1860–1862.
Li X.M., Ma Y.L., Liu X.J., 2007. Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on age-related oxidative stress in aged mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 111, 504–511.
Lin C.L., Wang C.C., Chang S.C., Inbaraj S.B., Chen B.H., 2009. Antioxidative activity of polysacharide fractions isolated from Lycium barbarum Linnaeus. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 45 (2), 146–151.
Łabanowska-Bury D. 2015. Goji – jak prowadzić plantacje towarowe? Truskawka Malina Jagody 8, 34–36.
Liu Ch., Tseng A., Yang S., 2004. Chinese Herbal Medicine: Modern Applications of Tradi-tional Formulas. CRC Press, Boca Raton–London–New York–Washington D.C., 240–246.
Makowiecki S., 1937. Drzewa i krzewy ozdobne, przydatne do hodowli w klimacie Polski. Księgarnia Polska Bernard Połoniecki, Lwów–Warszawa, 187–188.
Marosz A., 2015. Rośliny lecznicze medycyny wschodu. Szkółkarstwo 4, 97–103.
Ming M., Guanhua L., Zhanhai Y., Guang C., Xuan Z., 2009. Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides administration on blood lipid metabolism and oxidative stress of mice fed high-fat diet in vivo. Food Chem. 113, 872–877.
Mocan A., Vlase L., Vodnar D.C., Bischin C., Honganu D., Gheldiu A.M., Oprean R., Dumi-trescu R.S., Crisan G., 2014. Polyphenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Lycium barbarum L. and Lycium chinense Mill. Leaves. Molecules 19, 10056–10073.
Moon K.J., Jae M.J., Bonh G.K., 1999. Effect of planting density and pinching on growth and yield of Lycium chinense Mill. Grown in vinyl house. Korean J. Medicinal Crop Sci. 7, 89–93.
Mowszowicz J., 1982. Przewodnik do oznaczania krajowych roślin trujących i szkodliwych. PWRiL, Warszawa.
Niu A.J., Wu J.M., Yu D.H., Wang, R., 2008. Protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on oxidative stress damage in skeletal muscle of exhaustive exercise rats. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 42, 447–449.
Peng Y., Ma C., Li Y., Leung K.S.Y., Jiang Z.H., Zhao Z., 2005. Quantification of zeaxantin dipalmitate and total carotenoids in Lycium fruits (Fructus lycii). Plant Foods Human Nutr. 60, 161–164.
Potterat O., 2010. Goji (Lycium barbarum nad L. chinense): Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Safety in the Perspective of Traditional Uses and Recent Popularity. Planta Med. 76, 7–19.
Qian J., Liu D., Huang A., 2004. The efficiency of flavonoids in polar extracts of Lycium chinense Mill. fruits as free radical scavenger. Food Chem. 87, 283–288.
Rehder A., 1934. Mannual of culivated trees and shrubs. The Macmillan Company, New York, 783–784.
Seneta W., 1991. Dendrologia. PWN, Warszawa, wyd. 6, t. 2, 292–294.
Seneta W., Dolatowski J., 2012. Denrologia. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, wyd. 3, 479–478.
Tian M., Wang M., 2006. Studies on extraction, isolation, and composition of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. China J. Tradit. Chin. Med. Pharm. 31 (19), 1603–1607.
Toyoda-Ono Y., Maeda M., Nakao M., Yoshimura M., Sugiura-Tomimori N., Fukami H., 2004.
2-O-(ß-D-Glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid, a novel ascorbic acid analogue ilsolated from Lycium fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 2092–2096.
Velder P., 1999. The Garden Plants of China. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 303.
Wang C.C., Chang S.C., Inbaraj B.S., Chen B.H., 2010. Isolation of carotenoids, flavonoids and polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum L. and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 120, 184–192.
Yahara S., Shigeyama C., Ura T., Wakamatsu K., Yasuhara T., Nohara T., 1993. Cyclic peptides, acyclic diterpene glycosides and other compounds from Lycium chinense Mill. Chem Pharm. Bull. 41, 703–709.
Ye M., Moon Y., Yang I., Lim H.H., Hong B.S., Shim I., Bae H., 2015. The standardized Lycium chinense fruit extract protects against Alzheimer’s disease in 3xTg-HD mice. J. Eth-nopharmacol. 172, 85–90.
Yeh Y.C., Sabliov M.C., Hahn T.S., Lo Y.M., 2008. Effects of Chinese wolfberry (Lycium chinense P. Mill.) leaf hydrolysates on the growth of Pediococcus acidilactici. Bioresour. Technol. 99 (5), 1383–1393.
Zhang K.Y.B., Leung H.W., Yeung H.W., Wong R.N.S., 2001. Differentiation of Lycium barbarum from its related Lycium species using amplified polymorphic DNA. Planta Med. 67, 379–381.
Zhang M., Chen H., Huang J., Li Z., Zhu C., Zhang S., 2005. Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on human hepatoma QGY7703 cells: Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Life Sci. 76, 2115–2124.
Zhang M., Tang X., Wang F., Zhang Q., Zhang Z., 2013. Characterization of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide and its effect on human hepatoma cells. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 61, 270–275.
Zhu Y.P., 1998. Chinese Materia Medica: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applications. Harwood Academic Publishers, Nederlands, 226–228.
Zhu J., Liu W., Yu J., Zou S., Wang J., Yao W., Gao X., 2013. Characterization and hypoglycemic effect of a polysaccharide extracted from the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. Corbohydr. Polym. 98, 8–16.
Zou C., Zhao Q., Chen C.X., He Y.N., 1999. New dopamine derivative from Lycium barbarum. Chin. Chem. Lett. 10, 131–132.
http://www.fundacjaslawek.org/goji-land (dostęp: luty 2017)
http://www.nutraingredients.com/Regulation-Policy/Goji-berries-not-novel-food-says-FSA (dostęp: luty 2017)
http://www.rossmann.pl/Produkt/Bakalland-Selection-bakalie-Jagody-Goji-100-g,352888,6580 (dostęp: luty 2017)
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolcow%C3%B3j_pospolity (dostęp: luty 2017)
http://www.zszp.pl/id=203<r=&adv=0&rodd=&grp=1&sco=Lycium&lang=1 (dostęp: luty 2017)
Amagase H., Farnsworth N.R., 2011. A review of botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, clinical relevance in efficacy and safety of Lycium barbarum fruit (Goji). Food Res. Int. 44, 1702–1717.
Amagase H., Sun B., Borek C., 2009. Lycium barbarum (goji) juice improves in vivo antioxi-dant biomarkers in serum of healthy adults. Nutr. Res. 29,19–25.
Bieniasz M., 2016. Jagoda goji. Z pomysłem. Truskawka Malina Jagody 10, 30–31.
Bugała W., 2000. Drzewa i krzewy dla terenów zieleni. PWRiL, Warszawa, wyd. 2, s. 554–555.
Chang R.C., So K., 2008. Use of antiaging herbal medicine, Lycium barbarum against aging-associated diseases. What do we know so far? Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 28, 643–652.
Cheng C.Y., Chung W.Y., Szeto Y.T., Benzie I.F., 2005 Fasting plasma zeaxanthin response to Fructus barbarum L. (wolfberry; Kei Tze) in a food-based human supplementation trial. Br. J. Nutr. 93 (1), 123–130.
Cheng D., Kong H., 2011. The effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on alcohol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Molecules 16, 2542–2550.
Chung I.M., Ali M., Praveen N., Yu B.R., Kim S.H., Ahmad A., 2014. New polyglucopyranosyl and polyarabinopyranosyl of fatty acid derivatives from the fruits of Lycium chinense and its antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 151, 435–443.
Cui B.K., Liu S., Lin X.J., Wang J., Li S.H., Wang Q.B., Li S.P., 2011. Effects of Lycium barbarum aqueous and ethanol extracts on high-fat-diet induced oxidative stress in rat liver tissue. Molecules 16, 9116–9128.
Demchak C., 2014. Goji berry culture. The Pennsylvania State University, http://extension.psu. edu/plants/tree-fruit/news/2014/goji-berry-culture (dostęp: luty 2017).
Dong J.Z., Lu D.Y., Wang Y., 2009. Analysis of Flavonoids from Leaves of Cultivated Lycium barbarum L. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 64, 199–204.
Drost-Karbowska K., Hajdrych-Szaufer M., Kowalewski Z., 1984. Search for alkaloid-type bases in Lycium halimifolium. Acta Pol. Pharm. 41, 127–129.
Fraser R., 2010. Goji Offers Growers Opportunities for Diversification. Growing Magazine 5, http://www.growingmagazine.com/fruits/goji-offers-growers-opportunities-for-diversification/ (dostęp 17.02.2017).
Freedman B.J., 1980. Sulphur dioxide in foods and beverages: Its uses as a preservative and its effect on astma. Br. J. Dis. Chest 71, 128–134.
Funayama S., Yoshida K., Komo C., Hikino H., 1980. Structure of kukoamine A, hypotensive principle of Lycium chinense root barks. Tetrahedron Lett. 21, 1355–1356.
Funayama S., Zhang G.R., Nozoe S., 1995. Kukoamine B, a spermine alkaloid from Lycium chinense. Phytochemistry 38 (6), 1529–1531.
Harsh M.L., 1989. Tropane alcaloids from Lycium barbarum Linn., in vivo and in vitro. Current Sci. 58 (14), 817–818.
Henneberg M., Klawitter M., Kozłowski J., Marciniak J., Skrzydlewska E., 1984. W: M. Henneberg i E. Skrzydlewska (red.), Zatrucia roślinami wyższymi i grzybami. Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich, Warszawa, 158–159.
Herklots G.A.C., 1972. Vegetables in South-East Asia. Allen and Unwin, London.
Inbaraj B.S., Lu H., Hung C.F., Wu W.B., Lin C.L., Chen B.H., 2008. Determination of carotenoids and their esters in fruits of Lycium barbarum Linnaeus by HPLC–DAD–APCI–MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 47, 812–818.
Jin, M., Huang Q., Zhao K., Shang P., 2013. Biological activities and potential health benefit effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 54, 16–23.
Kruczek A., Ochmian I., 2016. The influence of shurbs cutting method on yielding and quality of the goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.). Folia Pomer. Univ. Technol. Stetin., Agric., Al-iment., Pisc., Zootech. 330 (40) 4, 131–138.
Krüssmann G., 1977. Handbuch dre Laubgehölze. Band II. Paul Parey, Berlin–Hamburg. 268–271.
Lam K.W., But P., 1999. The content of zeaxanthin in Gou Qi Zi, a potential health benefit to improve visual acuity. Food Chem. 67, 173–176.
Lam A.Y., Elmer G.W., Mohutsky M.A., 2001 Possible interaction between warfarin and Lyci-um barbarum L. Ann. Pharmacother. 35, 1199–1201.
Lee B.C., Paik S.W., Kim S.D., Tun T.S., Park J.S., Kwak T.S., 1999. Growth characteristic and yield of collected boxthorn (Lycium chinense Mill.) varietas. Korean Soc. Medicinal Crop Sci. 7, 147–154.
Leung H., Hung A., Hui A.C.F., Chan T.Y.K., 2008. Warfarin overdose due to the possible effects of Lycium barbarum L. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 1860–1862.
Li X.M., Ma Y.L., Liu X.J., 2007. Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on age-related oxidative stress in aged mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 111, 504–511.
Lin C.L., Wang C.C., Chang S.C., Inbaraj S.B., Chen B.H., 2009. Antioxidative activity of polysacharide fractions isolated from Lycium barbarum Linnaeus. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 45 (2), 146–151.
Łabanowska-Bury D. 2015. Goji – jak prowadzić plantacje towarowe? Truskawka Malina Jagody 8, 34–36.
Liu Ch., Tseng A., Yang S., 2004. Chinese Herbal Medicine: Modern Applications of Tradi-tional Formulas. CRC Press, Boca Raton–London–New York–Washington D.C., 240–246.
Makowiecki S., 1937. Drzewa i krzewy ozdobne, przydatne do hodowli w klimacie Polski. Księgarnia Polska Bernard Połoniecki, Lwów–Warszawa, 187–188.
Marosz A., 2015. Rośliny lecznicze medycyny wschodu. Szkółkarstwo 4, 97–103.
Ming M., Guanhua L., Zhanhai Y., Guang C., Xuan Z., 2009. Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides administration on blood lipid metabolism and oxidative stress of mice fed high-fat diet in vivo. Food Chem. 113, 872–877.
Mocan A., Vlase L., Vodnar D.C., Bischin C., Honganu D., Gheldiu A.M., Oprean R., Dumi-trescu R.S., Crisan G., 2014. Polyphenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Lycium barbarum L. and Lycium chinense Mill. Leaves. Molecules 19, 10056–10073.
Moon K.J., Jae M.J., Bonh G.K., 1999. Effect of planting density and pinching on growth and yield of Lycium chinense Mill. Grown in vinyl house. Korean J. Medicinal Crop Sci. 7, 89–93.
Mowszowicz J., 1982. Przewodnik do oznaczania krajowych roślin trujących i szkodliwych. PWRiL, Warszawa.
Niu A.J., Wu J.M., Yu D.H., Wang, R., 2008. Protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on oxidative stress damage in skeletal muscle of exhaustive exercise rats. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 42, 447–449.
Peng Y., Ma C., Li Y., Leung K.S.Y., Jiang Z.H., Zhao Z., 2005. Quantification of zeaxantin dipalmitate and total carotenoids in Lycium fruits (Fructus lycii). Plant Foods Human Nutr. 60, 161–164.
Potterat O., 2010. Goji (Lycium barbarum nad L. chinense): Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Safety in the Perspective of Traditional Uses and Recent Popularity. Planta Med. 76, 7–19.
Qian J., Liu D., Huang A., 2004. The efficiency of flavonoids in polar extracts of Lycium chinense Mill. fruits as free radical scavenger. Food Chem. 87, 283–288.
Rehder A., 1934. Mannual of culivated trees and shrubs. The Macmillan Company, New York, 783–784.
Seneta W., 1991. Dendrologia. PWN, Warszawa, wyd. 6, t. 2, 292–294.
Seneta W., Dolatowski J., 2012. Denrologia. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, wyd. 3, 479–478.
Tian M., Wang M., 2006. Studies on extraction, isolation, and composition of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. China J. Tradit. Chin. Med. Pharm. 31 (19), 1603–1607.
Toyoda-Ono Y., Maeda M., Nakao M., Yoshimura M., Sugiura-Tomimori N., Fukami H., 2004.
2-O-(ß-D-Glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid, a novel ascorbic acid analogue ilsolated from Lycium fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 2092–2096.
Velder P., 1999. The Garden Plants of China. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 303.
Wang C.C., Chang S.C., Inbaraj B.S., Chen B.H., 2010. Isolation of carotenoids, flavonoids and polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum L. and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 120, 184–192.
Yahara S., Shigeyama C., Ura T., Wakamatsu K., Yasuhara T., Nohara T., 1993. Cyclic peptides, acyclic diterpene glycosides and other compounds from Lycium chinense Mill. Chem Pharm. Bull. 41, 703–709.
Ye M., Moon Y., Yang I., Lim H.H., Hong B.S., Shim I., Bae H., 2015. The standardized Lycium chinense fruit extract protects against Alzheimer’s disease in 3xTg-HD mice. J. Eth-nopharmacol. 172, 85–90.
Yeh Y.C., Sabliov M.C., Hahn T.S., Lo Y.M., 2008. Effects of Chinese wolfberry (Lycium chinense P. Mill.) leaf hydrolysates on the growth of Pediococcus acidilactici. Bioresour. Technol. 99 (5), 1383–1393.
Zhang K.Y.B., Leung H.W., Yeung H.W., Wong R.N.S., 2001. Differentiation of Lycium barbarum from its related Lycium species using amplified polymorphic DNA. Planta Med. 67, 379–381.
Zhang M., Chen H., Huang J., Li Z., Zhu C., Zhang S., 2005. Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on human hepatoma QGY7703 cells: Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Life Sci. 76, 2115–2124.
Zhang M., Tang X., Wang F., Zhang Q., Zhang Z., 2013. Characterization of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide and its effect on human hepatoma cells. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 61, 270–275.
Zhu Y.P., 1998. Chinese Materia Medica: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applications. Harwood Academic Publishers, Nederlands, 226–228.
Zhu J., Liu W., Yu J., Zou S., Wang J., Yao W., Gao X., 2013. Characterization and hypoglycemic effect of a polysaccharide extracted from the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. Corbohydr. Polym. 98, 8–16.
Zou C., Zhao Q., Chen C.X., He Y.N., 1999. New dopamine derivative from Lycium barbarum. Chin. Chem. Lett. 10, 131–132.
http://www.fundacjaslawek.org/goji-land (dostęp: luty 2017)
http://www.nutraingredients.com/Regulation-Policy/Goji-berries-not-novel-food-says-FSA (dostęp: luty 2017)
http://www.rossmann.pl/Produkt/Bakalland-Selection-bakalie-Jagody-Goji-100-g,352888,6580 (dostęp: luty 2017)
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolcow%C3%B3j_pospolity (dostęp: luty 2017)
http://www.zszp.pl/id=203<r=&adv=0&rodd=&grp=1&sco=Lycium&lang=1 (dostęp: luty 2017)
ADAM MAROSZ
Instytut Ogrodnictwa, Pracownia Szkółkarstwa ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice
Instytut Ogrodnictwa, Pracownia Szkółkarstwa ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice
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