The occurrence of genus Physokermes (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) in Poland and Europe
MACIEJ MALEC
Katedra Entomologii, Wydział Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. S. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 LublinKATARZYNA GOLAN
Katedra Entomologii, Wydział Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. S. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 LublinAbstract
Scale insects from genus Physokermes are considered as the most serious pests attacking plants from family Pinaceae causing drying and sometimes death of trees. They suck the sap from all aboveground parts of spruce and they excrete large amounts of honeydew. In Europe, four of spruce-bud scales species were found: Ph. hemicryphus, Ph. piceae, Ph. inopinatus and Ph. hellenicus. So far, only two species have been reported from Poland: Ph. hemicryphus and Ph. piceae. In Europe significant damage to spruce has been registered in a lot of countries, at present Ph. inopinatus occurs in mass numbers in the south of Sweden and it attacked 570 ha of spruce forests. Massive occurrence of Physokermes species on spruce trees is observed in the north and north-east of Poland. No methodologically correct studies on spruce bud-scales have been conducted so far in Poland. There is a big possibility that Ph. inopinatus is present in Poland, which is morphologically similar to two species noticed in Poland.
Keywords:
Physokermes, spruce-bud scales, life-cycle, spruce, PinaceaeReferences
Ben-Dov Y., 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, FL.
Ben-Dov Y., Hodgson C.J., 1997. Soft Scale Insects Their Biology. W: Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York, 452 ss.
Ben-Dov Y., Miller D.R., Gibson G.A.P., 2015. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm (06.2015).
Boratynski K.L., 1955. Coccoidea (Hem. Homoptera) from the Austrian Tyrol. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 91, 66–67.
Borchsenius N.S., 1957. Subtribe Mealybugs and Scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. 9. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR. N.S., 66, 1–493.
Danzig E.M., 1980. Coccoids of the Far East of USSR with a phylogenetic analysis of the coccoid fauna of the World. Nauka, Leningrad.
Danzig E.M., Kozár F., 1973. A new species of soft scale, Physokermes inopinatus, sp.n. (Homoptera, Coccoidea) from Hungary. Entomol. Rev. 52, 532–533.
Diminić D., Hrašovec B., 2005. Uloga bolesti i štetnika pri odabiru drveta u krajobraznoj architekturi. Agron. glas. 2–4, 309–325.
Dziedzicka A., 1970. Materiały do znajomości czerwców (Coccoidea) występujących na terenie Polski. Rocz. Nauk.-Dydakt. WSP Kraków 37, 24–27.
Dziedzicka A., 1988. Czerwce szklarniowe (Coccinea) Polski. Rocz. Nauk.-Dydakt. WSP Kraków 123, 79–91.
Fetykó K., Kozár F., Daróczi K., 2010. Species list of the scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) of Romania, with new data. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung. 45, 291–302.
Gałuszka H., Koteja J., Tworek K. (red.), 1996. Pszczoły na spadzi. Gospodarstwo Pasieczne „Sądecki Bartnik”, Nowy Sącz, 137 ss.
Gertsson C.A., 2001. An annotated checklist of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Sweden. Entomol. Tidskr. 122 (3), 123–130.
Gertsson C.A., 2005. New species and new province records of scale insects from Sweden (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) up to the year 2004. Entomol. Tidskr. 126, 35–42.
Gertsson C.A., Isacsson G., 2014. The Hungarian Spruce Scale, Physokermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) in Sweden. Acta Zool. Bulg., Suppl. 6, 83–86.
Golan K., Łagowska B., Jaśkiewicz B., 2001. Scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) of the Kazimierz Landscape Park in Poland. Fragm. Faun. 44, 229–249.
Graora D., Spasić R., Mihajlović L., 2012. Bionomy of spruce bud scale, Physokermes piceae (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in the Belgrade area, Serbia. Arch. Biol. Sci. 64 (1), 337–343.
Hellrigl K., 2004. Faunistik der Pflanzenlause in Sudtirol – Trentino (Homoptera: Sternorryncha). Forest Observ. 1, 55–100.
Hodgson C.J., 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 639 ss.
Jansen M.G.M., 2001. An annotated list of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Netherlands. Entomologica 33, 197–206.
Kawecki Z., 1985. Czerwce (Coccoidea). PWN, Warszawa, „Katalog Fauny Polski”, cz. 21, z. 5.
Kolar J., 2007. The harmful entomofauna of woody plants in Slovakia. Acta Entomol. Serb. 12 (1), 67–79.
Kosztarab M., Kozár F., 1978. Scale insects – Coccoidea. Fauna Hung. 131, 1–192.
Kosztarab M., Kozár F., 1988. Scale insects of Central Europe. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
Koteja J., 1971. Materiały do fauny czerwców Polski (Homoptera, Coccoidea) III. Pol. Pism. Ent. 41 (2), 320–326.
Koteja J., 1996. Czerwce (Coccina). W: H. Gałuszka, J. Koteja, K. Tworek (red.), Pszczoły na spadzi. Gospodarstwo Pasieczne „Sądecki Bartnik”, Nowy Sącz, 31–53.
Koteja J., 2000. Czerwce (Hemiptera: Sternorryncha: Coccinea). W: J. Razowski (red.), Flora i Fauna Pienin, „Monografie Pienińskie” 1, 169–173.
Koteja J., Żak-Ogaza B., 1969. The Scale-Insect fauna (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the Ojców National Park in Poland. Fragm. Faun. 14 (14), 351–373.
Koteja J., Żak-Ogaza B., 1983. Fauna czerwców (Homoptera, Coccinea) Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej. Acta Zool. Cracov. 26 (14), 465–490.
Koteja J., Żak-Ogaza B., 1989. Czerwce (Homoptera: Coccinea) Gór Świętokrzyskich. Fragm. Faun. 32 (12), 243–258.
Kozár F., 1985. New data to the knowledge of scale-insects of Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Acta Phytopathol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 20, 201–205.
Kozár F., Gounari S., Hodgson C., Fetyk K., Goras G., 2012. A new species of Physokermes Targioni Tozetti (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from Greece. Zootaxa 3566, 23–28.
Kozár F., Guignard E., Bachmann F., Mani E., Hippe C., 1994. The scale insect and whitefly species of Switzerland (Homoptera: Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea). Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 67 (1–2), 151–161.
Kozár F., Ostafichuk V.G., 1987. New and little known scale-insects species from Moldavia (USSR) (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Folia Entomol. Hung. 48, 91–95.
Kozár F., Ördögh G., Kosztarab M., 1977. New records to the Hungarian scale insect fauna (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Folia Entomol. Hung. 30, 69–75.
Lazdiņš A., Mezite O., Bardule A., 2011. Characterizations of severe damages of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) stands in relation to soil properiets. Proceedings of the „Research for rural development 2011. Annual 17th international scientific conference”. Jelgava, LUA, Latvia, 22–28. [online] http://www.llu.lv/getfile.php?id=44019 (06.2015).
Lindinger L., 1907. Fränkische Cocciden. Entomol. Bl. 3, 113–117, 136–139.
Löyttyniemi L., 1971. On the occurrence of Physokermes Targ. species (Hom., Lecaniidae) and Sacchiphantes abietis L. (Hom., Adelgidae) on various local races of Picea abies in Finland. Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 37, 60–64.
Łagowska B., 2004. Wykaz gatunków. Sternorrhyncha, Czerwce (Coccoidea). W: W. Bogdanowicz, E. Chudzicka, I. Pilipiuk, E. Skibińska (red.), Fauna Polski – charakterystyka i wykaz gatunków, t. 1, Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, 266–269.
Łagowska B., Golan K., 2002. Materiały do poznania czerwców (Hemiptera: Coccinea) Wyżyny Lubelskiej. Wiad. Entomol. 21 (2), 69–85.
Łagowska B., Koteja J., 1996. Czerwce (Homoptera, Coccinea) Roztocza. Fragm. Faun. 39 (4), 29–42. Malumphy C., Ostrauskas H., 2008. Observations on some scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) collected in Riga, with a revised checklist including tree species new for Latvia. Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp. 8 (1), 107–113.
Malumphy C., Ostrauskas H., Pye D., 2010a. A provisional catalogue of scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) of Lithuania. Acta Zool. Litu. 18 (2), 108–121.
Malumphy C., Ostrauskas H., Pye D., 2010b. New data on the scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) of southern Lithuania, including ten species new for the country. Acta Zool. Litu. 20 (3), 253–263.
Marotta S., 1987. I Coccidi (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) segnalati in Italia, con riferimenti bibliografici sulla tassonomia, geonemia, biologia e piante ospiti [Coccids (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) found in Italy, with bibliographic references on taxonomy, geographic range, biology and host plants]. Boll. Lab. Entomol. Agrar. „Filippo Silvestri” 44, 97–119.
Masten-Milek T., Simala M., 2008. List of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Croatia. Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies. ISA Press, Lisbon, 105–119.
Miezite O., Okmanis M., Indriksons A., Ruba J., Polmanis K., Freimane L., 2012. Assessment of sanitary conditions in stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) damaged by spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae Schrnk.). iForest 6, 73–78.
Olsson P.-O., Jönsson A.-M., Eklundh L., 2012. A new invasive insect in Sweden Physokermes inopinatus: Tracing forest damage with satellite based remote sensing. For. Ecol. Manag. 285, 29–37.
Ozols G., 1985. Insects living on spruce and pine in Latvia’s forests. Zinatne, Riga.
Rasina B.P., 1955. Material on the Coccoidea (Homoptera) fauna of the Latvian SSR. Izv. Akad. Nauk Latviisk. SSR 5, 67–75.
Santas A.L., 1988. Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) a fir scale insect useful to apiculture in Greece. Entomol. Hell. 6, 11–21.
Schmutterer H., 1956. Zur Morphologie, Systematik und Bionomie der Physokermes – Arten an Fichte (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Z. Angew. Entomol. 39, 445–466.
Schmutterer H., 1965. Zur Ökologie und wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung der Physokermes – Arten (Homopt. Coccoidea) an Fichte in Süddeutschland. Z. Angew. Entomol. 56 (1–4), 300–325.
Seljak G., 2010. A checklist of scale insects of Slovenia. Entomol. Hell. 19, 99–113.
Simon E., Kalandyk-Kołodziejczyk M., 2011. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Upper Silesia. Pol. Pism. Ent. 80, 231–244.
Soika G., Łabanowski G., 2004. Miseczniki – tegoroczna plaga szkółek roślin ozdobnych. Szkółkarstwo 05/2004.
Soria S., Estal P., del Vinuela E., 1998. Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) y Xylococcus filiferus Low, dos coccidos forestale snuevos para la fauna espanola [Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) and Xylococcus filiferus Low, two species of forest coccids new for the Spanish fauna]. Bol. Sanid. Veg., Plagas 24 (2), 219–224.
Stathas G.J., Kozár F., 2010. First record of Physokermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár 1973 (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Greece. Hell. Plant Prot. J. 3, 7–8.
Stern J., 1841. Ueber Honigthau und den Sogenannten Waldhonig. Monatsbl. Gesamt. Bienenzucht 4, 49–60.
Stocki J., 2010. Świerkowce większy i mniejszy. Las Pol. 20, 17–19.
Tereznikova E.M., 1981. Scaleinsects: Eriococcidae, Kermesidae and Coccidae. W: Fauna Ukraini. Akademiya Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR, Institut Zoologii, Kiev 20, 1–215.
Ulgenturk S., Canakcioglu H., Toper A., 2004. Scale insects of the conifer trees in Turkey and their zoogeographical distribution. J. Pest. Sci. 77, 99–104.
Vianen A., 1989. Honeydew – a historical overview. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent 54 (3a), 955–964.
Ben-Dov Y., Hodgson C.J., 1997. Soft Scale Insects Their Biology. W: Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York, 452 ss.
Ben-Dov Y., Miller D.R., Gibson G.A.P., 2015. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm (06.2015).
Boratynski K.L., 1955. Coccoidea (Hem. Homoptera) from the Austrian Tyrol. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 91, 66–67.
Borchsenius N.S., 1957. Subtribe Mealybugs and Scales (Coccoidea). Soft scale insects Coccidae. Vol. 9. Fauna SSSR. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR. N.S., 66, 1–493.
Danzig E.M., 1980. Coccoids of the Far East of USSR with a phylogenetic analysis of the coccoid fauna of the World. Nauka, Leningrad.
Danzig E.M., Kozár F., 1973. A new species of soft scale, Physokermes inopinatus, sp.n. (Homoptera, Coccoidea) from Hungary. Entomol. Rev. 52, 532–533.
Diminić D., Hrašovec B., 2005. Uloga bolesti i štetnika pri odabiru drveta u krajobraznoj architekturi. Agron. glas. 2–4, 309–325.
Dziedzicka A., 1970. Materiały do znajomości czerwców (Coccoidea) występujących na terenie Polski. Rocz. Nauk.-Dydakt. WSP Kraków 37, 24–27.
Dziedzicka A., 1988. Czerwce szklarniowe (Coccinea) Polski. Rocz. Nauk.-Dydakt. WSP Kraków 123, 79–91.
Fetykó K., Kozár F., Daróczi K., 2010. Species list of the scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) of Romania, with new data. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung. 45, 291–302.
Gałuszka H., Koteja J., Tworek K. (red.), 1996. Pszczoły na spadzi. Gospodarstwo Pasieczne „Sądecki Bartnik”, Nowy Sącz, 137 ss.
Gertsson C.A., 2001. An annotated checklist of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Sweden. Entomol. Tidskr. 122 (3), 123–130.
Gertsson C.A., 2005. New species and new province records of scale insects from Sweden (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) up to the year 2004. Entomol. Tidskr. 126, 35–42.
Gertsson C.A., Isacsson G., 2014. The Hungarian Spruce Scale, Physokermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) in Sweden. Acta Zool. Bulg., Suppl. 6, 83–86.
Golan K., Łagowska B., Jaśkiewicz B., 2001. Scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) of the Kazimierz Landscape Park in Poland. Fragm. Faun. 44, 229–249.
Graora D., Spasić R., Mihajlović L., 2012. Bionomy of spruce bud scale, Physokermes piceae (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in the Belgrade area, Serbia. Arch. Biol. Sci. 64 (1), 337–343.
Hellrigl K., 2004. Faunistik der Pflanzenlause in Sudtirol – Trentino (Homoptera: Sternorryncha). Forest Observ. 1, 55–100.
Hodgson C.J., 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 639 ss.
Jansen M.G.M., 2001. An annotated list of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Netherlands. Entomologica 33, 197–206.
Kawecki Z., 1985. Czerwce (Coccoidea). PWN, Warszawa, „Katalog Fauny Polski”, cz. 21, z. 5.
Kolar J., 2007. The harmful entomofauna of woody plants in Slovakia. Acta Entomol. Serb. 12 (1), 67–79.
Kosztarab M., Kozár F., 1978. Scale insects – Coccoidea. Fauna Hung. 131, 1–192.
Kosztarab M., Kozár F., 1988. Scale insects of Central Europe. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
Koteja J., 1971. Materiały do fauny czerwców Polski (Homoptera, Coccoidea) III. Pol. Pism. Ent. 41 (2), 320–326.
Koteja J., 1996. Czerwce (Coccina). W: H. Gałuszka, J. Koteja, K. Tworek (red.), Pszczoły na spadzi. Gospodarstwo Pasieczne „Sądecki Bartnik”, Nowy Sącz, 31–53.
Koteja J., 2000. Czerwce (Hemiptera: Sternorryncha: Coccinea). W: J. Razowski (red.), Flora i Fauna Pienin, „Monografie Pienińskie” 1, 169–173.
Koteja J., Żak-Ogaza B., 1969. The Scale-Insect fauna (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the Ojców National Park in Poland. Fragm. Faun. 14 (14), 351–373.
Koteja J., Żak-Ogaza B., 1983. Fauna czerwców (Homoptera, Coccinea) Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej. Acta Zool. Cracov. 26 (14), 465–490.
Koteja J., Żak-Ogaza B., 1989. Czerwce (Homoptera: Coccinea) Gór Świętokrzyskich. Fragm. Faun. 32 (12), 243–258.
Kozár F., 1985. New data to the knowledge of scale-insects of Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Acta Phytopathol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 20, 201–205.
Kozár F., Gounari S., Hodgson C., Fetyk K., Goras G., 2012. A new species of Physokermes Targioni Tozetti (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from Greece. Zootaxa 3566, 23–28.
Kozár F., Guignard E., Bachmann F., Mani E., Hippe C., 1994. The scale insect and whitefly species of Switzerland (Homoptera: Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea). Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 67 (1–2), 151–161.
Kozár F., Ostafichuk V.G., 1987. New and little known scale-insects species from Moldavia (USSR) (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Folia Entomol. Hung. 48, 91–95.
Kozár F., Ördögh G., Kosztarab M., 1977. New records to the Hungarian scale insect fauna (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Folia Entomol. Hung. 30, 69–75.
Lazdiņš A., Mezite O., Bardule A., 2011. Characterizations of severe damages of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) stands in relation to soil properiets. Proceedings of the „Research for rural development 2011. Annual 17th international scientific conference”. Jelgava, LUA, Latvia, 22–28. [online] http://www.llu.lv/getfile.php?id=44019 (06.2015).
Lindinger L., 1907. Fränkische Cocciden. Entomol. Bl. 3, 113–117, 136–139.
Löyttyniemi L., 1971. On the occurrence of Physokermes Targ. species (Hom., Lecaniidae) and Sacchiphantes abietis L. (Hom., Adelgidae) on various local races of Picea abies in Finland. Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 37, 60–64.
Łagowska B., 2004. Wykaz gatunków. Sternorrhyncha, Czerwce (Coccoidea). W: W. Bogdanowicz, E. Chudzicka, I. Pilipiuk, E. Skibińska (red.), Fauna Polski – charakterystyka i wykaz gatunków, t. 1, Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, 266–269.
Łagowska B., Golan K., 2002. Materiały do poznania czerwców (Hemiptera: Coccinea) Wyżyny Lubelskiej. Wiad. Entomol. 21 (2), 69–85.
Łagowska B., Koteja J., 1996. Czerwce (Homoptera, Coccinea) Roztocza. Fragm. Faun. 39 (4), 29–42. Malumphy C., Ostrauskas H., 2008. Observations on some scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) collected in Riga, with a revised checklist including tree species new for Latvia. Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp. 8 (1), 107–113.
Malumphy C., Ostrauskas H., Pye D., 2010a. A provisional catalogue of scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) of Lithuania. Acta Zool. Litu. 18 (2), 108–121.
Malumphy C., Ostrauskas H., Pye D., 2010b. New data on the scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) of southern Lithuania, including ten species new for the country. Acta Zool. Litu. 20 (3), 253–263.
Marotta S., 1987. I Coccidi (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) segnalati in Italia, con riferimenti bibliografici sulla tassonomia, geonemia, biologia e piante ospiti [Coccids (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) found in Italy, with bibliographic references on taxonomy, geographic range, biology and host plants]. Boll. Lab. Entomol. Agrar. „Filippo Silvestri” 44, 97–119.
Masten-Milek T., Simala M., 2008. List of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Croatia. Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies. ISA Press, Lisbon, 105–119.
Miezite O., Okmanis M., Indriksons A., Ruba J., Polmanis K., Freimane L., 2012. Assessment of sanitary conditions in stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) damaged by spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae Schrnk.). iForest 6, 73–78.
Olsson P.-O., Jönsson A.-M., Eklundh L., 2012. A new invasive insect in Sweden Physokermes inopinatus: Tracing forest damage with satellite based remote sensing. For. Ecol. Manag. 285, 29–37.
Ozols G., 1985. Insects living on spruce and pine in Latvia’s forests. Zinatne, Riga.
Rasina B.P., 1955. Material on the Coccoidea (Homoptera) fauna of the Latvian SSR. Izv. Akad. Nauk Latviisk. SSR 5, 67–75.
Santas A.L., 1988. Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) a fir scale insect useful to apiculture in Greece. Entomol. Hell. 6, 11–21.
Schmutterer H., 1956. Zur Morphologie, Systematik und Bionomie der Physokermes – Arten an Fichte (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Z. Angew. Entomol. 39, 445–466.
Schmutterer H., 1965. Zur Ökologie und wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung der Physokermes – Arten (Homopt. Coccoidea) an Fichte in Süddeutschland. Z. Angew. Entomol. 56 (1–4), 300–325.
Seljak G., 2010. A checklist of scale insects of Slovenia. Entomol. Hell. 19, 99–113.
Simon E., Kalandyk-Kołodziejczyk M., 2011. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Upper Silesia. Pol. Pism. Ent. 80, 231–244.
Soika G., Łabanowski G., 2004. Miseczniki – tegoroczna plaga szkółek roślin ozdobnych. Szkółkarstwo 05/2004.
Soria S., Estal P., del Vinuela E., 1998. Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) y Xylococcus filiferus Low, dos coccidos forestale snuevos para la fauna espanola [Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) and Xylococcus filiferus Low, two species of forest coccids new for the Spanish fauna]. Bol. Sanid. Veg., Plagas 24 (2), 219–224.
Stathas G.J., Kozár F., 2010. First record of Physokermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár 1973 (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Greece. Hell. Plant Prot. J. 3, 7–8.
Stern J., 1841. Ueber Honigthau und den Sogenannten Waldhonig. Monatsbl. Gesamt. Bienenzucht 4, 49–60.
Stocki J., 2010. Świerkowce większy i mniejszy. Las Pol. 20, 17–19.
Tereznikova E.M., 1981. Scaleinsects: Eriococcidae, Kermesidae and Coccidae. W: Fauna Ukraini. Akademiya Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR, Institut Zoologii, Kiev 20, 1–215.
Ulgenturk S., Canakcioglu H., Toper A., 2004. Scale insects of the conifer trees in Turkey and their zoogeographical distribution. J. Pest. Sci. 77, 99–104.
Vianen A., 1989. Honeydew – a historical overview. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent 54 (3a), 955–964.
MACIEJ MALEC
Katedra Entomologii, Wydział Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. S. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin
Katedra Entomologii, Wydział Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. S. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin
KATARZYNA GOLAN
Katedra Entomologii, Wydział Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. S. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin
Katedra Entomologii, Wydział Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. S. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin
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