ORCHARD PERFORMANCE OF APPLE WORSENS AS WEED COMPETITION INCREASES: A LONG-TERM FIELD STUDY UNDER MEDITERRANEAN CONDITIONS
Ersin Atay
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, TurkeySeckin Gargin
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, TurkeyAhmet Esitken
Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 42030, Konya, TurkeyAyse Nilgun Atay
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, TurkeyMesut Altindal
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, TurkeyMeltem Emre
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, TurkeyAbstract
Crop-weed competition (CWC) for water and nutrients can negatively affect orchard performance, especially in high-density apple orchards. With this study, we compared the effects of three CWC levels: Weak, Moderate, and Strong for the orchard performance of apple in the Mediterranean area. The study was conducted
at a ‘Golden Delicious’/M.9 orchard in a high-density formation (3.5 × 1 m spacing). Cumulative yield was greatest in Weak-CWC, and it decreased as CWC increased. Overall, Weak-CWC performed remarkable results for successful apple production under Mediterranean conditions.
Keywords:
apple, fruit set, Malus × domestica, organic matter, trunk cross-sectional areaReferences
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http://www.gulbudak.com.tr/en/
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Merwin, I.A., Ray, J.A. (1997). Spatial and temporal factors in weed interference with newly planted apple trees. HortScience, 32, 633–637.
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Millard, P. (1996). Ecophysiology of internal cycling of nitrogen for tree growth. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 159, 1–10.
Serra, S., Leisso, R., Giordani, L., Kalcsits, L., Musacchi, S. (2016). Crop load influences fruit quality, nutritional balance, and return bloom in ‘Honeycrisp’ apple.
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Wünsche, J.N., Greer, D.H., Palmer, J.W. (2000). Effects of crop load on fruiting and gas-exchange characteristics of ‘Braeburn’/M.26 apple trees at full canopy. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 125, 93–99.
apple orchards: weed species and its density. IOBC/WPRS Bull., 91, 439–442.
Atay, A.N., Koyuncu, F., Atay, E. (2013b). Relative susceptibility of selected apple cultivars to alternate bearing. J. Biol. Environ. Sci., 7(20), 81–86.
Bissels, S., Donath, T.W., Hölzel, N., Otte, A. (2006). Effects of different mowing regimes on seedling recruitment in alluvial grasslands. Basic Appl. Ecol., 7, 433–442.
Breen, K.C., Tustin, D.S., Palmer, J.W., Close, D.C. (2015). Method of manipulating floral bud density affects fruit set responses in apple. Sci. Hort., 197, 244–253.
Bustan, A., Dag, A., Yermiyahu, U., Erel, R., Presnov, E., Agam, N., Kool, D., Iwema, J., Zipori, I., Ben-Gal, A. (2016). Fruit load governs transpiration of olive trees.
Tree Physiol., 36(3), 380–391.
Gut, D., Barben, E., Riesen, W. (1996). Critical period for weed competition in apple orchards: preliminary results. Acta Hortic., 422, 273–278.
Granatstein, D., Wiman, M., Kirby, E., Mullinix, K. (2010). Sustainability trade-offs in organic orchard floor management. Acta Hortic., 873, 115–122.
http://www.gulbudak.com.tr/en/
http://www.jmp.com/software/
Kim, B.S., Gu, M., Cho, K.C., Yun, B.K., Jung, S.K., Choi, H.S. (2015). Soil physicochemical properties, tree growth, and fruit production in a non-astringent organic persimmon (Diospyros × kaki Thunb.) orchard affected by mowing frequency. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 90(6), 664–670.
Lauri, P.E., Terouanne, E., Lespinasse, J.M. (1996). Quantitative analysis of relationships between inflorescence size, bearing-axis size and fruit-set-an apple tree case
study. Ann. Bot., 77, 277–286.
Merwin, I.A., Ray, J.A. (1997). Spatial and temporal factors in weed interference with newly planted apple trees. HortScience, 32, 633–637.
Merwin, I.A. (2003). Orchard-floor management systems. In: Apples: botany, production and uses, Ferree, D.C.,
Warrington, I.J. (eds). CABI Publishing, Cambridge, USA, pp. 303–318.
Millard, P. (1996). Ecophysiology of internal cycling of nitrogen for tree growth. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 159, 1–10.
Serra, S., Leisso, R., Giordani, L., Kalcsits, L., Musacchi, S. (2016). Crop load influences fruit quality, nutritional balance, and return bloom in ‘Honeycrisp’ apple.
HortScience, 51(3), 236–244.
Smith, H.W., Weldon, M. (1940). A comparison of some methods for the determination of soil organic matter. Proc. – Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 5, 177–182.
Stanley, J. (2016). Factors affecting fruit set and fruit quality along branch units of different apricot cultivars, New Zeal. J. Crop Hortic. Sci., 44(3), 171–191.
Tworkoski, T.J., Glenn, D.M. (2010). Long-term effects of managed grass competition and two pruning methods on growth and yield of peach trees. Sci. Hortic., 126,
130–137.
Wünsche, J.N., Greer, D.H., Palmer, J.W. (2000). Effects of crop load on fruiting and gas-exchange characteristics of ‘Braeburn’/M.26 apple trees at full canopy. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 125, 93–99.
Ersin Atay
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey
Seckin Gargin
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey
Ahmet Esitken
Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 42030, Konya, Turkey
Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 42030, Konya, Turkey
Ayse Nilgun Atay
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey
Mesut Altindal
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey
Meltem Emre
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey
TAGEM Fruit Research Institute, 32500, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey
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