EFFECT OF CHILLING EXPOSURE AND VAPOR HEAT TREATMENT DURATION ON THE QUALITY OF SWEET ORANGE DURING SIMULATED MARKETING
Ijaz Hussain
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, PakistanAbdur Rab
Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, PakistanNaqib Ullah Khan
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, PakistanMuhammad Sajid
Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, PakistanNaushad Ali
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, PakistanShah Masaud Khan
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, PakistanSardar Ali
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, PakistanAbstract
Sweet orange fruits were exposed to vapor heat treatment (50°C) in water bath for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min in plastic covered structure. The data were recorded on different physico chemical factors immediately after the storage and after seven days simulated marketing under ambient condition (20°C). Low temperature
storage enhanced weight loss, surface pitting, disease incidence, total soluble solids accumulation, TSS/Acid ratio but decreased reducing sugars, acidity and ascorbic acid content. Chilling exposure up to 45 days had no significant effect on weight loss and TSS. However, increased weight loss (2.63%), TSS (11.75), TSS/Acid ratio (8.45 ºBrix), disease incidence (8.93%) and lowest reducing sugars (3.90) were noted in sweet orange exposed to chilling temperature for 75 days. Among the VHT durations, the highest weight loss (2.29%) was found in VHT for 0 min while the highest TSS (11.81 ºBrix), TSS/Acid ratio (8.10) and disease incidence (6.22%) and least reducing sugars (4.12%) were found in VHT 20 for min. Vapor heat treatment ranging from 5–10 min resulted in lowest weight loss (1.79%), TSS (10.81 ºBrix) TSS/Acid ratio (7.33), disease incidence (1.00%) and highest reducing sugars (4.75%) in sweet orange fruits. However, non-reducing sugars were least affected by both LTSs and VHTs. It is concluded that the chilling exposure (5°C) beyond 45 days aggravated the decline of fruit physio-chemical quality characteristics.
Whereas, VHT with 5–10 min maintained the sweet orange fruit quality during simulated marketing; however, VHT of 15–20 min adversely affected the sweet orange fruit quality attributes.
Keywords:
low temperature storage (LTS), simulated marketing time, storage, orange fruit, vapor heat treatment (VHT)References
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Rezakhani, M.S., Pakkish, Z. (2014). Chilling injury induces lipid peroxidation and alters the hydrogen peroxide content in peel and pulp of ‘Valencia’ orange fruit
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Sapeia, L., Hwaa, L. (2014). Study on the kinetics of vitamin C degradation in fresh strawberry juices. Procedia Chem., 9, 62–68.
Schirra, M., D’hallewin, G., Cabras, P., Angioni, A., Ben-Yehoshua, S., Lurie, S. (2000). Chilling injury and residue uptake in cold-stored ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit following thiabendazole and imazalil dip treatments at 20 and 50°C. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 20, 91–98.
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Sevillano, L., Sanchez-Ballesta, M., Romojaro, F., Flores, F. (2009). Physiological, hormonal and molecular mechanisms regulating chilling injury in horticultural
species. Postharvest technologies applied to reduce its impact. J. Sci. Food Agric., 89, 555–573.
Singh, A., Sarma, S.K., Kumar, S., Mishra, K.P. (2014). Optimization of pre-treatment conditions for maximum pulp recovery with optimum quality from bael fruit
(Aegle marmelos Correa). Afr. J. Agric. Res., 9(18), 1362–1370.
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Venkateswarlu, B. (eds.). Intech, Rijeka, 39–58.
Tripathi, P., Dubey, N. (2003). Exploitation of natural products as an alternative strategy to control postharvest fungal rotting of fruit and vegetables. Postharvest
Biol. Technol., 32, 235–245.
Valero, D., Serrano, M. (2010). Postharvest biology and technology for preserving fruit quality. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton.
Wang, C.Y. (2004). Chilling and freezing injury. In: The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, Florist and Nursery Stocks, Gross, K.C., Wang, C.Y., Saltveit, M.E.,
(eds). USDA Agricultural Handbook Number 66. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Ahmed, W., Pervez, M.A., Amjad, M., Khalid, M., Ayyub, C.M., Nawaz, M.A. (2006). Effect of stionic combination on the growth and yield of kinnow mandarin (citrus
reticulata blanco). Pakistan J. Bot., 38(3), 603–612.
Ansari, N.A., Feridoon, H. (2007). Postharvest application of hot water, fungicide and waxing on the shelf life of Valencia and local oranges of Siavarz. Asian J. Plant
Sci., 6, 314–19.
AOAC (2000). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 17th ed., Horowitz W. (ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
Arendse, E. (2014). Determining optimum storage conditions for pomegranate fruit (cv. Wonderful). MSc in Food Science Thesis. Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
Bajwa, E.E., Naeem, Z., Anjum, J., Nazir, A. (2003). Development, standardization and storage studies on watermelon-lemon. Pakistan J. Food Sci., 12, 21–24.
D’hallewin, G., Schirra, M. (2001). Structural changes in epicuticular wax and storage response of ‘Marsh seedles’ grapefruits after ethanol dips at 21 and 50°C. Acta
Hortic., 553, 441–442. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic. 2001.553.103
Ding, C.K., Wang, C.Y., Gross, K.C., Smith, D.L. (2001). Reduction of chilling injury and transcript accumulation of heat shock proteins in tomato fruit by methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate. Plant Sci., 161, 1153–1159.
El-Hilali, F., Ait-Oubahou, A., Remah, A., Akhayat, O. (2003). Chilling injury and peroxidase activity changes in ‘Fortune’ mandarin fruit during low temperature storage. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol., 29(1–2), 44–54.
Erkan, M., Pekmezci, M., Wang, C.Y. (2005). Hot water and curing treatments reduce chilling injury and maintain post-harvest quality of ‘Valencia’ oranges. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 40, 91–96.
Fruk, G., Nišević, L., Sever, Z., Miličević, T., Jemrić, T. (2012). Effects of different postharvest heat treatments on decreasing decay, reducing chilling injury and aintaining
quality of nectarine fruit. Agric. Conspec. Sci., 77(1), 27–30.
González-Aguilar, G.A., Gayosso, L., Cruz, R., Fortiz, J., Báez, R., Wang, C.Y. (2000). Polyamines induced by hot water treatments reduce chilling injury and decay in pepper fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 18, 19–26.
Hazbavi, I., Khoshtaghaza, M.H., Mostaan, A., Banakar, A. (2015). Effect of postharvest hot-water and heat treatment on quality of date palm (cv. Stamaran). J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci., 14(2), 153–159.
Hussain, I., Asif, M., Ahmed, M., Khan, M., Shakir, I. (2004). Effect of uni-packaging on the post harvest behavior of citrus fruits in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan J. Nutr., 3(6), 336–339.
Joyce, D.C., Hockings, P.D., Mazucco, R.A., Shorter, A.J., Brereton, I.M. (2003). Heat treatment injury of mango fruit revealed by nondestructive magnetic resonance
imaging. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 3, 305–311.
Kader, A.A. (2008). Mangoes recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality. Available: http:// postharvest.ucdavis. edu/produce/produce.facts/fruit/mango.html.
Kader, A.A., Arpaia, M.L. (2002). Postharvest handling systems: subtropical fruit. In: Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, Kader A.A. (ed). Regents of the University of California, DNAR, Oakland, CA, 233–240.
Karadeniz, F. (2004). Main organic acid distribution of authentic citrus juices in Turkey. Turk. J. Agric. For., 28, 267–271.
Lafuente, M.T., Zacarias, L., Sala, J.M., Sánchez-Ballesta, M.T., Gosalbes, M.T., Marcos, J.F., González-Candelas, L. (2005). Understanding the basis of chilling injury
in citrus fruit. Acta Hortic., 682, 831–842.
Luengwilai, K., Diane, M.B., Mikal, E.S. (2012). Chillinginjury of harvested tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. Micro-Tom fruit is reduced by temperature retreatments.
Postharvest Biol. Technol., 63, 123–128.
Maguire, K.M., Banks, N.H., Opara, L.U. (2001). Factors affecting weight loss of apples. In: Horticultural Reviews, vol. 25, Janick, J. (ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Boston, pp. 197–234.
Mohammed, M., Barthwaite, R.A.I. (2001). Ripening effects on the chilling sensitivity of processing and nonprocessing tomato cultivars. J. Appl. Hort., 2, 76–78.
Mohla, R., Singh, S., Singh, S. (2005). Shelf life of subtropical sand pear as influenced by picking dates and packing materials under ambient conditions. ISHS Acta
Hortic 696, 493–495. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2005. 696.87.
Mulas, M.M., Schirra, M. (2007). The effect of heat conditioning treatments on the postharvest quality of horticultural crops. Stewart Postharvest Rev., 3, 1–6.
Naglaa, K.H.S. (2010). Some modified atmosphere packaging treatments reduce chilling injury and maintain postharvest quality of Washington navel orange. J. Hortic. Sci. Ornam. Plants, 2(3), 108–113.
PHDEB (2008). Pre-feasibility study cold storage. Pakistan Horticulture Development and Export Board, Ministry of Commerce Government of Pakistan, Islamabad,
Pakistan.
Porat, R., Pavoncello, D., Peretz J., Weiss, B., Daus, A., Cohen, L., Ben-Yehoshua, S., Droby, S., Lurie, S. (2000). Induction of resistance to Penicillium digitatum and chilling injury in ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit by a short hot rinse and brushing treatment. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol., 75, 428–432.
Purvis, A.C. (2004). Regulation of oxidative stress in horticultural crops. HortScience, 39(5), 930–932.
Rehman, M.A., Khan, M.R., Sharif, M.K., Ahmad, S., Shah, F.H. (2014). Study on the storage stability of fruit juice concentrates. Pakistan J. Food Sci., 24(2), 101–107.
Rezakhani, M.S., Pakkish, Z. (2014). Chilling injury induces lipid peroxidation and alters the hydrogen peroxide content in peel and pulp of ‘Valencia’ orange fruit
under low temperature storage conditions. Acta Adv. Agric. Sci., 2(6), 2–29.
Rosa, S. (2006). Postharvest management of fruit and vegetables in the Asia-Pacific region. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, pp. 312.
Sapeia, L., Hwaa, L. (2014). Study on the kinetics of vitamin C degradation in fresh strawberry juices. Procedia Chem., 9, 62–68.
Schirra, M., D’hallewin, G., Cabras, P., Angioni, A., Ben-Yehoshua, S., Lurie, S. (2000). Chilling injury and residue uptake in cold-stored ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit following thiabendazole and imazalil dip treatments at 20 and 50°C. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 20, 91–98.
Serrano, M., Martines-Romero, D., Castillo, S., Guillen, F., Valero, D. (2004). Role of calcium and heat treatments in alleviating physiological changes induced by mechanical damage in plum. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 34, 155–167.
Sevillano, L., Sanchez-Ballesta, M., Romojaro, F., Flores, F. (2009). Physiological, hormonal and molecular mechanisms regulating chilling injury in horticultural
species. Postharvest technologies applied to reduce its impact. J. Sci. Food Agric., 89, 555–573.
Singh, A., Sarma, S.K., Kumar, S., Mishra, K.P. (2014). Optimization of pre-treatment conditions for maximum pulp recovery with optimum quality from bael fruit
(Aegle marmelos Correa). Afr. J. Agric. Res., 9(18), 1362–1370.
Soltani, M., Alimardani, R., Omid, M. (2010). Prediction of banana quality during ripening stage using capacitance sensing system. Aust. J. Crop Sci., 4, 443–447.
Toivonen, P.M.A., Hodges, D.M. (2011). Abiotic stress in harvested fruits and vegetables. In: Abiotic stress in plants – mechanisms and adaptations, Shanker, A.K.,
Venkateswarlu, B. (eds.). Intech, Rijeka, 39–58.
Tripathi, P., Dubey, N. (2003). Exploitation of natural products as an alternative strategy to control postharvest fungal rotting of fruit and vegetables. Postharvest
Biol. Technol., 32, 235–245.
Valero, D., Serrano, M. (2010). Postharvest biology and technology for preserving fruit quality. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton.
Wang, C.Y. (2004). Chilling and freezing injury. In: The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, Florist and Nursery Stocks, Gross, K.C., Wang, C.Y., Saltveit, M.E.,
(eds). USDA Agricultural Handbook Number 66. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Ijaz Hussain
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Abdur Rab
Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
Naqib Ullah Khan
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Sajid
Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
Naushad Ali
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Shah Masaud Khan
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Sardar Ali
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
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