PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF GRAPEVINE (V. vinifera L. CV. ‘ITALIAʼ) LEAF TO WATER DEFICIT UNDER DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCK EFFECTS
Ali Sabir
University of Selcuk, Konya, TurkeyAbstract
Extreme weather conditions with prolonged dry periods and high temperature can severely influence grapevine physiology and morphology. Understanding the physiological and morphological responses of grapevines to water deficit is thus of utmost importance to modulate the appropriate plant development. The present study evaluates the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on certain leaf characteristics of grapevine cv. ‘Italia’ cultivated on different rootstocks.DI had remarkable effects on the growth, morphology, tissue structure, water status and physiology of grapevine leaf. Response of the ‘Italiaʼ cultivar to DI depended on rootstock used. For example, leaf fresh weight of ‘Italiaʼ/5 BB under DI decreased by 15.2% in comparison to full irrigation (FI), whereas fresh weight values for ‘Italiaʼ/99 R and own-rooted vines under DI decreased 6.2 and 10.5%, respectively. Under FI treatment, stomatal conductance (gs) reached values of 189.0 mmol m-2 s-1 in ‘Italiaʼ/5 BB, and 178.8 mmol m-2 s-1 in ‘Italiaʼ/99 R. The gs values under DI condition were 178.1 and 164.0 mmol m-2 s-1 for the vines on 5 BB and
99 R respectively. Stomatal conductance decreased about 21.1, 13.8 and 10.2% in vines cultivated on 5 BB, 99 R and own root, respectively. In response to DI, leaf relative water content decreased about 9.4, 4.1 and 3.9% for ‘Italiaʼ/5 BB vines, own roots, and ‘Italiaʼ/99 R, respectively. Combined data over years revealed that the vines cultivated on 99 R displayed more tolerant leaf growth and physiology to drought in comparison to vines on 5 BB.
Keywords:
Vitis, drought, leaf physiology, stomatal conductanceReferences
Alaei, Y. (2011). The Effect of Amino acids on leaf chlorophyll content in bread wheat genotypes under drought stress conditions. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 10, 99–101.
Bacelar, E.A., Santos, D.L., Moutihno-Pereira, J.M., Goncalves, B.C., Ferreira, H.F., Correia, C.M. (2006). Immediate responses and adaptive strategies of three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes: changes on structure and chemical composition of foliage and oxidative damage. Plant Sci., 170, 596–605.
Baert, A., Villez, K., Steppe, K. (2013). Automatic drought stress detection in grapevines without using conventional threshold values. Plant Soil, 369, 439–452.
Bates, B.C., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Wu, S., Palutikof, J.P. (2008). Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp.
Biswal, B., Biswal, U.C. (1999). Photosynthesis under stress: stress signals and adaptive response of chloroplasts. In: Handbook of plant and crop stress, Pessarakli M, (ed.). New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 315–336.
Bongi, G., Palliotti, A. (1994). Olive. In: Handbook of environmental physiology of fruit crops: Temperate crops, vol. I, Shaffer, B., Anderson, P.C. (eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 165–187.
Chaves, M.M., Zarrouk, O., Francisco, R., Costa, J.M., Santos, T., Regalado, A.P., Rodrigues, M.L., Lopes, C.M. (2010). Grapevine under deficit irrigation: hints from physiological and molecular data. Ann. Bot-London, 105, 661–676.
Collins, R., Kristensen, P., Thyssen, N. (2009). Water resources across Europe – confronting water scarcity and drought. European Environmental Agency (EEA) Report series. N. 2/2009. ISSN 1725–9177, 55p.
Corso, M., Bonghi, C. (2014). Mini review: Grapevine rootstock effects on abiotic stress tolerance. Plant Sci. Tod., 1, 108–113.
Costa, J.M., Ortuño, M.F., Lopes, C.M., Chaves, M.M. (2012). Grapevine varieties exhibiting differences in stomatal response to water deficit. Funct. Plant Biol., 39, 179–189.
de Pinheiro-Henriques, A.R., Marcelis, L.F.M. (2000). Regulation of growth at steady state nitrogen nutrition in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.): Interactive effects of nitrogen and irradiance. Ann. Bot., 86, 1073–1080.
Domec, J., Noormets, A., King, J., Sun, G., McNulty, S., Gavazzi, M., Boggs, J., Treasure E. (2009). Decoupling the influence of leaf and root hydraulic conductances on stomatal conductance and its sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit as soil dries in a drained loblolly pine plantation. Plant Cell Environ., 32, 980–991.
Durigon, A., van Lier, Q.J. (2013). Canopy temperature versus soil water pressure head for the prediction of crop water stress. Agric. Water Manag., 127, 1–6.
Escalona, J.M., Flexas, J., Medrano, H. (1999). Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations of photosynthesis under water stress in field-grown grapevines. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 26, 421–433.
Flexas, J., Bota, J., Loreto, F., Cornic, G., Sharkey, T.D. (2004). Diffusive and metabolic limitations to photosynthesis under drought and salinity in C(3) plants. Plant Biol. (Stuttg), 6, 269–279.
Flexas, J., Medrano, H. (2002). Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C-3 plants: stomatal and non-stomatal limitations revisited. Ann. Bot., 89, 183–189.
Galet, P.A. (1979). A practical ampelography (translated by L.T. Morton). Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA.
González-Fernández, A.B., Rodríguez-Pérez, J.R., Marabel, M., Álvarez-Taboada, F. (2015). Spectroscopic estimation of leaf water content in commercial vineyards using continuum removal and partial least squares regression Sci. Hortic., 188, 15–22.
Greer, D.H. (2012). Modelling leaf photosynthetic and transpiration temperature-dependent responses in Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon grapevines growing in hot, irrigated vineyard conditions. AoB Plants, doi:10.1093/aobpla/pls009.
Jones, H.G., Vaughan, R.A. (2010). Remote sensing of vegetation: principles, techniques, and applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kounduras, S., Tsialtas, I.T., Zioziou, E., Nikolaou, N. (2008). Rootstock effects on the adaptive strategies of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon) under contrasting water status: Leaf physiological and structural responses. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 128, 86–96.
Lovisolo, C., Perrone, I., Carra, A., Ferrandino, A., Flexas, J., Medrano, H., Schubert, A. (2010). Drought-induced changes in development and function of grapevine (Vitis spp.) organs and in their hydraulic and non hydraulic interactions at the whole plant level: a physiological and molecular update. Func. Plant Biol., 37, 98–116.
Lovisolo, C., Schubert, A., Sorce, C. (2002). Are xylem radial development and hydraulic conductivity in downwardly-growing grapevine shoots influenced by perturbed auxin metabolism? New Phytol., 156, 65–74.
Marguerti, E., Brendel, O., Lebon, E., van Leewen, C., Ollat, N. (2012). Rootstock control of scion transpiration and its acclimation to water deficit are controlled by different genes. New Phytol., 194, 416–429.
Myburgh, P.A., van der Walt, L.D. (2005). Cane water content and yield responses of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultanina to overhead irrigation during the dormant period. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic., 26, 1–5.
Okamoto, G., Kuwamura, T., Hirano, K. (2004). Effects of water deficit stress on leaf and berry ABA and berry ripening in Chardonnay grapevines. Vitis, 43, 15–17.
Padgett-Johnson, M., Williams, L.E., Walker, M.A. (2003). Vine water relations, gas exchange, and vegetative growth of seventeen Vitis species grown under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions in California. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 128, 269–276.
Pellegrino, A., Lebon, E., Simonneau, T., Wery, J. (2005). Towards a simple indicator of water stress in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) based on the differential sensitivities of vegetative growth components. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res., 11, 306–315.
Peňuelas, J., Filella, I., Biel, C., Serrano, L., Save, R. (1993). The reflectance at the 950–970 nm region as an indicator of plant water status. Int. J. Remote Sens., 14, 1887–1905.
Ramanjulu, S., Sreenivasulu, N., Sudhakar, C. (1998). Effect of water stress on photosynthesis in two mulberry genotypes with different drought tolerance. Photosynthetica, 35, 279–283.
Romero, P., Gil-Muňoz, R., del Amor, F.M., Valdés, E., Fernández, J.I., Martinez-Cutillas, A. (2013). Regulated deficit irrigation based upon optimum water status improves phenolic composition in Monastrell grapes and wines. Agric. Water Manag., 121, 85–101.
Sabir, A. (2013). Improvement of grafting efficiency in hard grafting grape Berlandieri hybrid rootstocks by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Sci. Hortic., 164, 24–29.
Sabir, A., Dogan, Y., Tangolar, S., Kafkas, S. (2010). Analysis of genetic relatedness among grapevine rootstocks by AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) markers. J. Food Agric. Environ., 8, 210–213.
Sabir, A., Kara, Z. (2010). Silica gel application to control water runoff from rootzone microenvironment’s climate of grapevine rootstocks grown under drought condition. International Sustainable Water and Wastewater Management Symposium 2, 1365–1372, 26–28 Oct. Konya, Turkey.
Sabir, A., Yazar, K. (2015). Diurnal dynamics of stomatal conductance and leaf temperature of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in response to daily climatic variables. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 14, 3–15.
Satisha, J., Prakash, G.S., Venugopalan, R. (2006). Statistical modeling of the effect of physiobiochemical parameters on water use efficiency of grape varieties, rootstocks and their stionic combinations under moisture stress conditions. Turk. J. Agric. For., 30, 261–271.
Schultz, H.R., Matthews, M.A. (1988). Resistance to water transport in shoots of Vitis vinifera L. Relation to growth at low water potential. Plant Physiol., 88, 718–724.
Serra, I., Strever, A., Myburg, P.A., Deloire, A. (2013) Review: the interaction between rootstocks and cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) to enhance drought tolerance in grapevine. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res., doi:10.1111/ajgw.l2054.
Skirycz, A., Inze, D. (2010). More from less: plant growth under limited water. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 21, 197–203.
Soar, C.J., Speirs, J., Maffei, S.M., Penrose, A.B., McCarthy, M.G., Loveys, B.R. (2006). Grape vine varieties Shiraz and Grenache differ in their stomatal response to VPD: apparent links with ABA physiology and gene expression in leaf tissue. Aust. J. Grape Wine. Res., 12, 2–12.
Socías, F.X., Correia, M.J., Chaves, M.M., Medrano, H. (1997). The role of abscisic acid and water relations in drought responses of subterranean clover. J. Exp. Bot., 48, 1281–1288.
Stavrinides, M.C., Daane, K.M., Lampinen, B.D., Mills, N.J. (2010). Plant water stress, leaf temperature, and spider mite (Acari: Tatranychidae) outbreaks in California vineyards. Environ. Entomol., 39, 1232–1241.
Sun, Y., Xu, W.J., Fan, A.L. (2006). Effects of salicycacidon chlorophyll fluorescence and xanthophylls cycle in cucumber leaves under high temperature and strong light. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol., 17, 399–402 [in Chinese].
Tramontini, S., van Leuwen, C., Domec J. C., Irvine, A. D., Basteau, C., Vitali, M., Schulz, O. M., Lovisolo, C. (2013). Impact of soil texture and water availability on the hydraulic control of plant and grape-berry development. Plant Soil, 368, 215–230.
Tsegay, D., Amsalem, D., Almeida, M., Crandles, M. (2014) Review: Responses of grapevine rootstocks to drought stress. Inter. J. Plant Physiol., 6, 1–6.
Vandeleur, R.K., Mayo, G., Shelden, M.C., Gilliham, M., Kaiser, B.N., Tyerman, S.D. (2009). The role of plasma membrane intrinsic protein aquaporins in water transport through roots: diurnal and drought stress responses reveal different strategies between isohydric and anisohydric cultivars of grapevine. Plant Physiol., 149, 445–460.
Verhoeven, A.S., Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W. (1997). Enhanced employment of xanthophyll cycle and thermal energy dissipation in spinach exposed to high light and N-stress. Plant Physiol., 113, 817–824.
Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Lopez-Moreno, J.I., Beguería, S., Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., García-Ruiz, J.M., Azorin-Molina, C., MoránTejeda, E., Revuelto, J., Trigo, R., Coelho, F., Espejo, F. (2014). Evidence of increasing drought severity caused by temperature rise in Southern Europe. Environ. Res. Lett., 9:044001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044001.
Weatherley, P.E. (1950). Studies in the water relations of the cotton plant. I. The field measurement of water deficits in leaves. New Phytolog., 49, 81–87.
Yamasaki, S., Dillenburg, L.R. (1999). Measurements of leaf relative water content in Araucaria angustifolia. Revis. Brasil. de Fisiol. Veget., 11, 69–75.
Zsófi, Z.S., Tóth, E., Rusjan, D., Bálo, B. (2011). Terroir aspects of grape quality in a cool climate wine region: Relationship between water deficit, vegetative growth and berry sugar concentration. Sci. Hortic., 127, 494–499.
Zufferey, V., Cochard, H., Ameglio, T., Spring, J.L., Viret, O. (2011). Diurnal cycles of embolism formation and repair in petioles of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Chasselas). J. Exp. Bot., doi:10.1093/jxb/err081).
Zweifel, R., Steppe, K., Sterck, F.J. (2007). Stomatal regulation by microclimate and tree water relations: interpreting eco-physiological field data with a hydraulic plant model. J. Exp. Bot., 58, 2113–2131.
Bacelar, E.A., Santos, D.L., Moutihno-Pereira, J.M., Goncalves, B.C., Ferreira, H.F., Correia, C.M. (2006). Immediate responses and adaptive strategies of three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes: changes on structure and chemical composition of foliage and oxidative damage. Plant Sci., 170, 596–605.
Baert, A., Villez, K., Steppe, K. (2013). Automatic drought stress detection in grapevines without using conventional threshold values. Plant Soil, 369, 439–452.
Bates, B.C., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Wu, S., Palutikof, J.P. (2008). Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp.
Biswal, B., Biswal, U.C. (1999). Photosynthesis under stress: stress signals and adaptive response of chloroplasts. In: Handbook of plant and crop stress, Pessarakli M, (ed.). New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 315–336.
Bongi, G., Palliotti, A. (1994). Olive. In: Handbook of environmental physiology of fruit crops: Temperate crops, vol. I, Shaffer, B., Anderson, P.C. (eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 165–187.
Chaves, M.M., Zarrouk, O., Francisco, R., Costa, J.M., Santos, T., Regalado, A.P., Rodrigues, M.L., Lopes, C.M. (2010). Grapevine under deficit irrigation: hints from physiological and molecular data. Ann. Bot-London, 105, 661–676.
Collins, R., Kristensen, P., Thyssen, N. (2009). Water resources across Europe – confronting water scarcity and drought. European Environmental Agency (EEA) Report series. N. 2/2009. ISSN 1725–9177, 55p.
Corso, M., Bonghi, C. (2014). Mini review: Grapevine rootstock effects on abiotic stress tolerance. Plant Sci. Tod., 1, 108–113.
Costa, J.M., Ortuño, M.F., Lopes, C.M., Chaves, M.M. (2012). Grapevine varieties exhibiting differences in stomatal response to water deficit. Funct. Plant Biol., 39, 179–189.
de Pinheiro-Henriques, A.R., Marcelis, L.F.M. (2000). Regulation of growth at steady state nitrogen nutrition in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.): Interactive effects of nitrogen and irradiance. Ann. Bot., 86, 1073–1080.
Domec, J., Noormets, A., King, J., Sun, G., McNulty, S., Gavazzi, M., Boggs, J., Treasure E. (2009). Decoupling the influence of leaf and root hydraulic conductances on stomatal conductance and its sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit as soil dries in a drained loblolly pine plantation. Plant Cell Environ., 32, 980–991.
Durigon, A., van Lier, Q.J. (2013). Canopy temperature versus soil water pressure head for the prediction of crop water stress. Agric. Water Manag., 127, 1–6.
Escalona, J.M., Flexas, J., Medrano, H. (1999). Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations of photosynthesis under water stress in field-grown grapevines. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 26, 421–433.
Flexas, J., Bota, J., Loreto, F., Cornic, G., Sharkey, T.D. (2004). Diffusive and metabolic limitations to photosynthesis under drought and salinity in C(3) plants. Plant Biol. (Stuttg), 6, 269–279.
Flexas, J., Medrano, H. (2002). Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C-3 plants: stomatal and non-stomatal limitations revisited. Ann. Bot., 89, 183–189.
Galet, P.A. (1979). A practical ampelography (translated by L.T. Morton). Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA.
González-Fernández, A.B., Rodríguez-Pérez, J.R., Marabel, M., Álvarez-Taboada, F. (2015). Spectroscopic estimation of leaf water content in commercial vineyards using continuum removal and partial least squares regression Sci. Hortic., 188, 15–22.
Greer, D.H. (2012). Modelling leaf photosynthetic and transpiration temperature-dependent responses in Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon grapevines growing in hot, irrigated vineyard conditions. AoB Plants, doi:10.1093/aobpla/pls009.
Jones, H.G., Vaughan, R.A. (2010). Remote sensing of vegetation: principles, techniques, and applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kounduras, S., Tsialtas, I.T., Zioziou, E., Nikolaou, N. (2008). Rootstock effects on the adaptive strategies of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon) under contrasting water status: Leaf physiological and structural responses. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 128, 86–96.
Lovisolo, C., Perrone, I., Carra, A., Ferrandino, A., Flexas, J., Medrano, H., Schubert, A. (2010). Drought-induced changes in development and function of grapevine (Vitis spp.) organs and in their hydraulic and non hydraulic interactions at the whole plant level: a physiological and molecular update. Func. Plant Biol., 37, 98–116.
Lovisolo, C., Schubert, A., Sorce, C. (2002). Are xylem radial development and hydraulic conductivity in downwardly-growing grapevine shoots influenced by perturbed auxin metabolism? New Phytol., 156, 65–74.
Marguerti, E., Brendel, O., Lebon, E., van Leewen, C., Ollat, N. (2012). Rootstock control of scion transpiration and its acclimation to water deficit are controlled by different genes. New Phytol., 194, 416–429.
Myburgh, P.A., van der Walt, L.D. (2005). Cane water content and yield responses of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultanina to overhead irrigation during the dormant period. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic., 26, 1–5.
Okamoto, G., Kuwamura, T., Hirano, K. (2004). Effects of water deficit stress on leaf and berry ABA and berry ripening in Chardonnay grapevines. Vitis, 43, 15–17.
Padgett-Johnson, M., Williams, L.E., Walker, M.A. (2003). Vine water relations, gas exchange, and vegetative growth of seventeen Vitis species grown under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions in California. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 128, 269–276.
Pellegrino, A., Lebon, E., Simonneau, T., Wery, J. (2005). Towards a simple indicator of water stress in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) based on the differential sensitivities of vegetative growth components. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res., 11, 306–315.
Peňuelas, J., Filella, I., Biel, C., Serrano, L., Save, R. (1993). The reflectance at the 950–970 nm region as an indicator of plant water status. Int. J. Remote Sens., 14, 1887–1905.
Ramanjulu, S., Sreenivasulu, N., Sudhakar, C. (1998). Effect of water stress on photosynthesis in two mulberry genotypes with different drought tolerance. Photosynthetica, 35, 279–283.
Romero, P., Gil-Muňoz, R., del Amor, F.M., Valdés, E., Fernández, J.I., Martinez-Cutillas, A. (2013). Regulated deficit irrigation based upon optimum water status improves phenolic composition in Monastrell grapes and wines. Agric. Water Manag., 121, 85–101.
Sabir, A. (2013). Improvement of grafting efficiency in hard grafting grape Berlandieri hybrid rootstocks by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Sci. Hortic., 164, 24–29.
Sabir, A., Dogan, Y., Tangolar, S., Kafkas, S. (2010). Analysis of genetic relatedness among grapevine rootstocks by AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) markers. J. Food Agric. Environ., 8, 210–213.
Sabir, A., Kara, Z. (2010). Silica gel application to control water runoff from rootzone microenvironment’s climate of grapevine rootstocks grown under drought condition. International Sustainable Water and Wastewater Management Symposium 2, 1365–1372, 26–28 Oct. Konya, Turkey.
Sabir, A., Yazar, K. (2015). Diurnal dynamics of stomatal conductance and leaf temperature of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in response to daily climatic variables. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 14, 3–15.
Satisha, J., Prakash, G.S., Venugopalan, R. (2006). Statistical modeling of the effect of physiobiochemical parameters on water use efficiency of grape varieties, rootstocks and their stionic combinations under moisture stress conditions. Turk. J. Agric. For., 30, 261–271.
Schultz, H.R., Matthews, M.A. (1988). Resistance to water transport in shoots of Vitis vinifera L. Relation to growth at low water potential. Plant Physiol., 88, 718–724.
Serra, I., Strever, A., Myburg, P.A., Deloire, A. (2013) Review: the interaction between rootstocks and cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) to enhance drought tolerance in grapevine. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res., doi:10.1111/ajgw.l2054.
Skirycz, A., Inze, D. (2010). More from less: plant growth under limited water. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 21, 197–203.
Soar, C.J., Speirs, J., Maffei, S.M., Penrose, A.B., McCarthy, M.G., Loveys, B.R. (2006). Grape vine varieties Shiraz and Grenache differ in their stomatal response to VPD: apparent links with ABA physiology and gene expression in leaf tissue. Aust. J. Grape Wine. Res., 12, 2–12.
Socías, F.X., Correia, M.J., Chaves, M.M., Medrano, H. (1997). The role of abscisic acid and water relations in drought responses of subterranean clover. J. Exp. Bot., 48, 1281–1288.
Stavrinides, M.C., Daane, K.M., Lampinen, B.D., Mills, N.J. (2010). Plant water stress, leaf temperature, and spider mite (Acari: Tatranychidae) outbreaks in California vineyards. Environ. Entomol., 39, 1232–1241.
Sun, Y., Xu, W.J., Fan, A.L. (2006). Effects of salicycacidon chlorophyll fluorescence and xanthophylls cycle in cucumber leaves under high temperature and strong light. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol., 17, 399–402 [in Chinese].
Tramontini, S., van Leuwen, C., Domec J. C., Irvine, A. D., Basteau, C., Vitali, M., Schulz, O. M., Lovisolo, C. (2013). Impact of soil texture and water availability on the hydraulic control of plant and grape-berry development. Plant Soil, 368, 215–230.
Tsegay, D., Amsalem, D., Almeida, M., Crandles, M. (2014) Review: Responses of grapevine rootstocks to drought stress. Inter. J. Plant Physiol., 6, 1–6.
Vandeleur, R.K., Mayo, G., Shelden, M.C., Gilliham, M., Kaiser, B.N., Tyerman, S.D. (2009). The role of plasma membrane intrinsic protein aquaporins in water transport through roots: diurnal and drought stress responses reveal different strategies between isohydric and anisohydric cultivars of grapevine. Plant Physiol., 149, 445–460.
Verhoeven, A.S., Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W. (1997). Enhanced employment of xanthophyll cycle and thermal energy dissipation in spinach exposed to high light and N-stress. Plant Physiol., 113, 817–824.
Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Lopez-Moreno, J.I., Beguería, S., Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., García-Ruiz, J.M., Azorin-Molina, C., MoránTejeda, E., Revuelto, J., Trigo, R., Coelho, F., Espejo, F. (2014). Evidence of increasing drought severity caused by temperature rise in Southern Europe. Environ. Res. Lett., 9:044001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044001.
Weatherley, P.E. (1950). Studies in the water relations of the cotton plant. I. The field measurement of water deficits in leaves. New Phytolog., 49, 81–87.
Yamasaki, S., Dillenburg, L.R. (1999). Measurements of leaf relative water content in Araucaria angustifolia. Revis. Brasil. de Fisiol. Veget., 11, 69–75.
Zsófi, Z.S., Tóth, E., Rusjan, D., Bálo, B. (2011). Terroir aspects of grape quality in a cool climate wine region: Relationship between water deficit, vegetative growth and berry sugar concentration. Sci. Hortic., 127, 494–499.
Zufferey, V., Cochard, H., Ameglio, T., Spring, J.L., Viret, O. (2011). Diurnal cycles of embolism formation and repair in petioles of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Chasselas). J. Exp. Bot., doi:10.1093/jxb/err081).
Zweifel, R., Steppe, K., Sterck, F.J. (2007). Stomatal regulation by microclimate and tree water relations: interpreting eco-physiological field data with a hydraulic plant model. J. Exp. Bot., 58, 2113–2131.
Ali Sabir
University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
License
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
