BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF VARIOUS EDIBLE FLOWER SPECIES
Monika Grzeszczuk
West Pomeranian University of TechnologyAnna Stefaniak
West Pomeranian University of TechnologyAnna Pachlowska
West Pomeranian University of TechnologyAbstract
Flowers are an important part of a plant which contains a great variety of natural antioxidants, such as polyphenols, carotenoids and many other bioactive and nutraceutical compounds. Edible flowers have been used in culinary preparations for centuries to improve the nutritional and sensorial qualities of food. The aim of the experiment was to compare the biological value of Borago officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, Oenothera biennis, Viola tricolor, Bellis perennis, Salvia splendens, Tagetes tenuifolia, Verbena × hybrid, Begonia semperflorens and Begonia × tuberhybrida flowers. Among the compared edible flower species, signet marigold showed the highest biological value due to the highest amounts of L-ascorbic acid, total carotenoid and total polyphenol content and the highest antioxidant activity. Moreover, the flowers of heartsease were characterized by the highest content of total ash, saccharose, and chlorophylls; lavender flowers – by the
highest content of dry matter, crude fibre, total soluble and reducing sugars; scarlet sage flowers – by the highest content of total nitrogen and total protein; while wax begonia flowers – by the highest titratable acidity and the least sugar/acid ratio.
Keywords:
ornamental and medicinal plants, nutraceuticals, antioxidants, polyphenols, carotenoidsReferences
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Avato, P., Tava, A. (1995). Acetylenes and Terpenoids of Bellis perennis. Phytochemistry, 40, 141–147.
Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., Madej, J., Rtemi, D., Wartacz, W. (2012). The growth and flowering of Salvia splendens Sellow ex Roem. et Schult. under flowerbed conditions. Acta Agrobot., 65(2), 99–108.
Cavaiuolo, M., Cocetta, G., Ferrante, A. (2013). The antioxidant changes in ornamental flowers during development and senescence. Antioxidants, 2, 132–155.
Chen, Y.-M., Mii, M. (2012). Interspecific hybridization of Begonia semperflorens (section Begonia) with B. pearcei (section Eupetalum) for introducing yellow flower color. Plant Biotechnol., 29, 77–85.
Creasy, R. (1999). The edible flower garden. Periplus, Singapore. Deineka, V.I., Sorokopudov, V.N., Deineka, L.A., Tret'yakov, M.Yu. (2007). Flowers of marigold
(Tagetes) species as a source of xanthophylls. Pharm. Chem. J., 41(10), 540–542.
Grabias, B., Dombrowicz, E., Kalemba, D., Światek, L. (1995). Phenolic acids in Flores Bellidis and Herba Tropaeoli. Herba Pol., 41(3), 111–114.
Ghasemnezhad, A., Honermeier, B. (2007). Seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of Oenothera biennis L. affected by harvest date and harvest method. Ind. Crop. Prod., 25, 274–281.
Grzeszczuk, M., Wesołowska, A., Jadczak, D., Jakubowska, B. (2011). Nutritional value of chive edible flowers. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 10(2), 85–94.
Gudej, J., Nazaruk, J. (2001). Flavonol glycosides from the flowers of Bellis perennis. Fitoterapia, 72, 839–840.
Hajhashemi, V., Ghannadi, A., Sharif, B. (2003). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaf extracts and essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. J. Ethnopharmacol., 89, 67–71.
Herrmann, M., Joppe, H., Schmaus, G. (2002). Thesinine-4’-O-b-D-glucoside the first glycosylated plant pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Borago officinalis. Phytochemistry, 60, 399–402.
Kaisoon, O., Siriamornpun, S., Weerapreeyakul, N., Meeso, N. (2011). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of edible flowers from Thailand. J. Funct. Foods, 3, 88–99.
Kaisoon, O., Konczak, I., Siriamornpun, S. (2012). Potential health enhancing properties of edible flowers from Thailand. Food Res. Int., 46, 563–571.
Kavalcıoğlu, N., Açık, L., Demirci, F., Semirci, B., Demir, H., Baser, K.H.C. (2010). Biological activities of Bellis perennis volatiles and extracts. Nat. Prod. Commun., 5(1), 147–150.
Kelley, K.M., Cameron, A.C., Biernbaum, J.A., Poff, K.L. (2003). Effect of storage temperature on the quality of edible flowers. Postharv. Biol. Tec., 27, 341–344.
Klepacka, M. (1996). Analiza żywności. Fundacja Rozwój SGGW, Warszawa.
Koike, A., Barreira, J.C.M., Barros, L., Santos-Buelga, C., Villavicencio, A.L.C.H., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2015). Edible flowers of Viola tricolor L. as a new functional food: Antioxidant activity, individual phenolics and effects of gamma and electron-beam irradiation. Food Chem., 179, 6–14.
Kołodziej, B. (2010). Uprawa ziół. PWRiL, Poznań.
Kondo, T., Yoshikane, M., Goto, T., Yoshida, K. (1989). Structure of anthocyanins in scarlet, purple, and blue flowers of salvia. Tetrahed. Lett., 48, 6729–6732.
Krełowska-Kułas, M. (1993). Oznaczanie kwasowości ogólnej metodą miareczkowania potencjometrycznego. In: Badanie jakości produktów spożywczych. PWE, Warszawa.
Li, A.-N., Li, S., Li, H.-B., Xu, D.-P., Xu, X.-R., Chen, F. (2014). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of 51 edible and wild flowers. J. Funct. Foods, 6, 319–330.
Lichtenthaler, H.K., Wellburn, A.R. (1983). Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 603, 591–592.
Lim, T.K. (2014). Edible medicinal and non medicinal plants. Flowers. Vol. 7&8. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht.
Mlcek, J., Rop, O. (2011). Fresh edible flowers of ornamental plants – A new source of nutraceutical foods. Trends in Food Sci. Tech., 22, 561–569.
Morikawa, T., Ninomiya, K., Takamori, Y., Nishida, E., Yasue, M., Hayakawa, T., Muraoka, O., Li, X., Nakamura, S., Yoshikawa, M., Matsuda, H. (2015). Oleanane-type triterpene saponins with collagen synthesis-promoting activity from flowers of Bellis perennis. Phytochemistry, 116, 203–212.
Nazaruk, J., Gudej, J. (2001). Qualitative and quantitative chromatographic investigation of flavonoids in Bellis perennis L. Acta Pol. Pharm. – Drug Res., 58(5), 401–404.
Prusinowska, R., Śmigielski, K.B. (2014). Composition, biological properties and therapeutic effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.). A review. Herba Pol., 60(2), 56–66.
Renaud, E.N.C., Charles, D.J., Simon, J.E. (2001). Essential oil quantity and composition from 10 cultivars of organically grown lavender and lavandin. J. Essent. Oil Res., 13, 269–273.
Roberts, M. (2014). 100 Edible & Healing Flowers. Struik Nature, South Africa. Rop, O., Mlcek, J., Jurikova, T., Neugebauerova, J., Vabkova, J. (2012). Edible flowers – a new
promising source of mineral elements in human nutrition. Molecules, 17, 6672–6683.
Rossi, M., Giussani, E., Morelli, R., Scalzo, R., Nani, R.C., Torreggiani, D. (2003). Effect of fruitblanching on phenolics and radical scavenging activity of highbush blueberry juice. Food Res. Int., 36, 999–1005.
Scognamiglio, M., Esposito, A., D’Abrosca, B., Pacifico, S., Fiumano, V., Tsafantakis, N., Monaco, P., Fiorentino, A. (2012). Isolation, distribution and allelopathic effect of caffeic acid derivates from Bellis perennis L. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 43, 108–113.
Seidler-Łożykowska, K., Mordalski, R., Kucharski, W., Kędzia, B., Bocianowski, J. (2014). Yielding and quality of lavender flowers (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) from organic cultivation. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 13(6), 173–183.
Seroczyńska, A., Korzeniewska, A., Sztangret-Wiśniewska, J., Niemirowicz-Szczytt, K., Gajewski, M. (2006). Relationship between carotenoids content and flower or fruit flesh colour of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.). Folia Hort., 18(1), 51–61.
Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J.A., Jr. (1965). Colorymetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Viticult., 16, 144–158.
Startek, L., Mynett, K. (2003). Rośliny ozdobne. Hortpress. Sp. Z o.o., Warszawa.
Tamura, M., Togami, J., Ishiguro, K., Nakamura, N., Katsumoto, Y., Suzuki, K., Kusumi, T., Tanaka, Y. (2003). Regeneration of transformed verbena (Verbena × hybrida) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell Rep., 21, 459–466.
Vukics, V., Kery, A., Guttman, A. (2008a). Analysis of polar antioxidants in heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) and garden pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.). J. Chromatogr. Sci., 46, 823–827.
Vukics, V., Ringer, T., Kery, A., Bonn, G.K., Guttman, A. (2008b.) Analysis of heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) flavonoid glycosides by micro-liquid chromatography coupled to multistage mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1206, 11–20.
Wesołowska, A., Jadczak, D., Grzeszczuk, M. (2010). Influence of distillation time on the content and composition of essential oil isolated from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). Herba Pol., 56(3), 24–36.
Wu, D.L., Hou, S.W., Qian, P.P., Sun, L.D., Zhang, Y.C., Li, W.J. (2009). Flower color chimera and abnormal leaf mutants induced by 12C6+ heavy ions in Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl. Sci. Hortic., 121, 462–467.
Yen, G.C., Chen, H.Y. (1995). Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43, 27–32.
Zadernowski, R., Naczk, M., Nowak-Polakowska, H. (2002). Phenolic acids of borage (Borago officinalis L.) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.). JAOCS, 79(4), 335–338.
Zangenehgheshlaghi, S., Sharafzadeh, S., Ejraei, A. (2012). Vegetative and flowering characteristics of daisy (Bellis perennis L.) as affected by vermicompost rates. Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci., 5(2), 173–176.
Zeng, Y., Deng, M., Lv, Z., Peng, Y. (2014). Evaluation of antioxidant activities of extracts from 19 Chinese edible flowers. SpringerPlus, 3, 315.
Zhang, K.-M., Yu, H.-J., Shi, K., Zhou, Y.-H., Yu, J.-Q., Xia, X.-J. (2010). Photoprotective roles of anthocyanins in Begonia semperflorens. Plant Sci., 179, 202–208.
Asadi-Samani, M., Bahmani, M., Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2014). The chemical composition, botanical characteristic and biological activities of Borago officinalis: a review. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med., 7(Suppl 1), 22–28.
Avato, P., Tava, A. (1995). Acetylenes and Terpenoids of Bellis perennis. Phytochemistry, 40, 141–147.
Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., Madej, J., Rtemi, D., Wartacz, W. (2012). The growth and flowering of Salvia splendens Sellow ex Roem. et Schult. under flowerbed conditions. Acta Agrobot., 65(2), 99–108.
Cavaiuolo, M., Cocetta, G., Ferrante, A. (2013). The antioxidant changes in ornamental flowers during development and senescence. Antioxidants, 2, 132–155.
Chen, Y.-M., Mii, M. (2012). Interspecific hybridization of Begonia semperflorens (section Begonia) with B. pearcei (section Eupetalum) for introducing yellow flower color. Plant Biotechnol., 29, 77–85.
Creasy, R. (1999). The edible flower garden. Periplus, Singapore. Deineka, V.I., Sorokopudov, V.N., Deineka, L.A., Tret'yakov, M.Yu. (2007). Flowers of marigold
(Tagetes) species as a source of xanthophylls. Pharm. Chem. J., 41(10), 540–542.
Grabias, B., Dombrowicz, E., Kalemba, D., Światek, L. (1995). Phenolic acids in Flores Bellidis and Herba Tropaeoli. Herba Pol., 41(3), 111–114.
Ghasemnezhad, A., Honermeier, B. (2007). Seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of Oenothera biennis L. affected by harvest date and harvest method. Ind. Crop. Prod., 25, 274–281.
Grzeszczuk, M., Wesołowska, A., Jadczak, D., Jakubowska, B. (2011). Nutritional value of chive edible flowers. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 10(2), 85–94.
Gudej, J., Nazaruk, J. (2001). Flavonol glycosides from the flowers of Bellis perennis. Fitoterapia, 72, 839–840.
Hajhashemi, V., Ghannadi, A., Sharif, B. (2003). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaf extracts and essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. J. Ethnopharmacol., 89, 67–71.
Herrmann, M., Joppe, H., Schmaus, G. (2002). Thesinine-4’-O-b-D-glucoside the first glycosylated plant pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Borago officinalis. Phytochemistry, 60, 399–402.
Kaisoon, O., Siriamornpun, S., Weerapreeyakul, N., Meeso, N. (2011). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of edible flowers from Thailand. J. Funct. Foods, 3, 88–99.
Kaisoon, O., Konczak, I., Siriamornpun, S. (2012). Potential health enhancing properties of edible flowers from Thailand. Food Res. Int., 46, 563–571.
Kavalcıoğlu, N., Açık, L., Demirci, F., Semirci, B., Demir, H., Baser, K.H.C. (2010). Biological activities of Bellis perennis volatiles and extracts. Nat. Prod. Commun., 5(1), 147–150.
Kelley, K.M., Cameron, A.C., Biernbaum, J.A., Poff, K.L. (2003). Effect of storage temperature on the quality of edible flowers. Postharv. Biol. Tec., 27, 341–344.
Klepacka, M. (1996). Analiza żywności. Fundacja Rozwój SGGW, Warszawa.
Koike, A., Barreira, J.C.M., Barros, L., Santos-Buelga, C., Villavicencio, A.L.C.H., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2015). Edible flowers of Viola tricolor L. as a new functional food: Antioxidant activity, individual phenolics and effects of gamma and electron-beam irradiation. Food Chem., 179, 6–14.
Kołodziej, B. (2010). Uprawa ziół. PWRiL, Poznań.
Kondo, T., Yoshikane, M., Goto, T., Yoshida, K. (1989). Structure of anthocyanins in scarlet, purple, and blue flowers of salvia. Tetrahed. Lett., 48, 6729–6732.
Krełowska-Kułas, M. (1993). Oznaczanie kwasowości ogólnej metodą miareczkowania potencjometrycznego. In: Badanie jakości produktów spożywczych. PWE, Warszawa.
Li, A.-N., Li, S., Li, H.-B., Xu, D.-P., Xu, X.-R., Chen, F. (2014). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of 51 edible and wild flowers. J. Funct. Foods, 6, 319–330.
Lichtenthaler, H.K., Wellburn, A.R. (1983). Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 603, 591–592.
Lim, T.K. (2014). Edible medicinal and non medicinal plants. Flowers. Vol. 7&8. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht.
Mlcek, J., Rop, O. (2011). Fresh edible flowers of ornamental plants – A new source of nutraceutical foods. Trends in Food Sci. Tech., 22, 561–569.
Morikawa, T., Ninomiya, K., Takamori, Y., Nishida, E., Yasue, M., Hayakawa, T., Muraoka, O., Li, X., Nakamura, S., Yoshikawa, M., Matsuda, H. (2015). Oleanane-type triterpene saponins with collagen synthesis-promoting activity from flowers of Bellis perennis. Phytochemistry, 116, 203–212.
Nazaruk, J., Gudej, J. (2001). Qualitative and quantitative chromatographic investigation of flavonoids in Bellis perennis L. Acta Pol. Pharm. – Drug Res., 58(5), 401–404.
Prusinowska, R., Śmigielski, K.B. (2014). Composition, biological properties and therapeutic effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.). A review. Herba Pol., 60(2), 56–66.
Renaud, E.N.C., Charles, D.J., Simon, J.E. (2001). Essential oil quantity and composition from 10 cultivars of organically grown lavender and lavandin. J. Essent. Oil Res., 13, 269–273.
Roberts, M. (2014). 100 Edible & Healing Flowers. Struik Nature, South Africa. Rop, O., Mlcek, J., Jurikova, T., Neugebauerova, J., Vabkova, J. (2012). Edible flowers – a new
promising source of mineral elements in human nutrition. Molecules, 17, 6672–6683.
Rossi, M., Giussani, E., Morelli, R., Scalzo, R., Nani, R.C., Torreggiani, D. (2003). Effect of fruitblanching on phenolics and radical scavenging activity of highbush blueberry juice. Food Res. Int., 36, 999–1005.
Scognamiglio, M., Esposito, A., D’Abrosca, B., Pacifico, S., Fiumano, V., Tsafantakis, N., Monaco, P., Fiorentino, A. (2012). Isolation, distribution and allelopathic effect of caffeic acid derivates from Bellis perennis L. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 43, 108–113.
Seidler-Łożykowska, K., Mordalski, R., Kucharski, W., Kędzia, B., Bocianowski, J. (2014). Yielding and quality of lavender flowers (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) from organic cultivation. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 13(6), 173–183.
Seroczyńska, A., Korzeniewska, A., Sztangret-Wiśniewska, J., Niemirowicz-Szczytt, K., Gajewski, M. (2006). Relationship between carotenoids content and flower or fruit flesh colour of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.). Folia Hort., 18(1), 51–61.
Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J.A., Jr. (1965). Colorymetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Viticult., 16, 144–158.
Startek, L., Mynett, K. (2003). Rośliny ozdobne. Hortpress. Sp. Z o.o., Warszawa.
Tamura, M., Togami, J., Ishiguro, K., Nakamura, N., Katsumoto, Y., Suzuki, K., Kusumi, T., Tanaka, Y. (2003). Regeneration of transformed verbena (Verbena × hybrida) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell Rep., 21, 459–466.
Vukics, V., Kery, A., Guttman, A. (2008a). Analysis of polar antioxidants in heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) and garden pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.). J. Chromatogr. Sci., 46, 823–827.
Vukics, V., Ringer, T., Kery, A., Bonn, G.K., Guttman, A. (2008b.) Analysis of heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) flavonoid glycosides by micro-liquid chromatography coupled to multistage mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1206, 11–20.
Wesołowska, A., Jadczak, D., Grzeszczuk, M. (2010). Influence of distillation time on the content and composition of essential oil isolated from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). Herba Pol., 56(3), 24–36.
Wu, D.L., Hou, S.W., Qian, P.P., Sun, L.D., Zhang, Y.C., Li, W.J. (2009). Flower color chimera and abnormal leaf mutants induced by 12C6+ heavy ions in Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl. Sci. Hortic., 121, 462–467.
Yen, G.C., Chen, H.Y. (1995). Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43, 27–32.
Zadernowski, R., Naczk, M., Nowak-Polakowska, H. (2002). Phenolic acids of borage (Borago officinalis L.) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.). JAOCS, 79(4), 335–338.
Zangenehgheshlaghi, S., Sharafzadeh, S., Ejraei, A. (2012). Vegetative and flowering characteristics of daisy (Bellis perennis L.) as affected by vermicompost rates. Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci., 5(2), 173–176.
Zeng, Y., Deng, M., Lv, Z., Peng, Y. (2014). Evaluation of antioxidant activities of extracts from 19 Chinese edible flowers. SpringerPlus, 3, 315.
Zhang, K.-M., Yu, H.-J., Shi, K., Zhou, Y.-H., Yu, J.-Q., Xia, X.-J. (2010). Photoprotective roles of anthocyanins in Begonia semperflorens. Plant Sci., 179, 202–208.
Monika Grzeszczuk
West Pomeranian University of Technology
West Pomeranian University of Technology
Anna Stefaniak
West Pomeranian University of Technology
West Pomeranian University of Technology
Anna Pachlowska
West Pomeranian University of Technology
West Pomeranian University of Technology
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