GENETIC DIVERSITY IN FRUIT NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION, ANTHOCYANINS, PHENOLICS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF PLUM (Prunus domestica) GENOTYPES
Hajra Nisar
University of Poonch, Rawalakot, PakistanMaqsood Ahmed
Mirpur University of Science and Technology, PakistanMuhammad Akbar Anjum
Bahauddin Zakariya University, PakistanSajjad Hussain
Bahauddin Zakariya University, PakistanAbstract
In the present work, genetic diversity in nutritional composition of sixteen plum genotypes growing at four different locations of Tehsil Rawalakot, District Poonch of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan) were studied. Various parameters like moisture, dry matter, ash and total soluble solids contents, acidity, pH, vitamin C and sugar content, shelf-life and sensory/organoleptic evaluation, anthocyanins, phenolics and antioxidant activity were evaluated and variation in these characteristics has been discussed. The results suggested that the genotypes differed in their nutritional composition of fruits, anthocyanin and phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of fruit. The results of the present study regarding the nutritional status of existing plum germplasm will contribute and increase our knowledge about the genus Prunus and broaden the gene pool available for future plant breeding programs.
Keywords:
antioxidants, biochemical analysis, biodiversity, genotypes, proximate compositionReferences
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Ajenifujah-Solebo, S.O., Aina, J.O. (2011). Physico-chemical properties and sensory evaluation of jam made from black-plum fruit (Vitex doniana). African J. Food Agricult. Nutr. Develop., 11, 4772–4784.
AOAC (2000). Official methods of Analysis, 17th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington D.C., USA.
Brown, G.S., Walker, T.D. (1990). Indicators of maturity in apricots using biplot multivariate analysis. J. Sci. Food Agricult., 53, 321–331.
Calisir, S., Haciseferogullari, H., Ozcan, M., Arslan, D. (2005). Some nutritional and technological properties of wild plum (Prunus spp.) fruits in Turkey. J. Food Engin., 66, 233–237.
Cao, G., Sofic, E., Prior, R.L. (1997). Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: Structure-activity relationships. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 22, 749–760.
Cevallos-Casals, B.A., Byrne, D., Okie, W.R., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2006). Selecting new peach and plum genotypes rich in phenolic compounds and enhanced functional properties. Food Chem., 96, 273–280.
Cevallos-Casals, B.A., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2004). Stability of anthocyanin-based aqueous extracts of Andean purple corn and red-fleshed sweet potato compared to synthetic and natural colorants. Food Chem., 86, 69–77.
Chun, O.K., Kim, D.O., Moon, H.Y., Kang, H.G., Lee, C.Y. (2003). Contribution of individual polyphenolics to total antioxidant capacity of plums. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 51, 7240–7245.
Cobianchi, D., Watkins, R. (1984). Plum descriptors: descriptor list for plum and allied species (Prunus). Internat. Board of Plant Gen. Res., Brussels, pp 3–31.
Colaric, M., Veberic, R., Stampar, F., Hudina, M. (2005). Evaluation of peach and nectarine fruit quality and correlations between sensory and chemical attributes. J. Sci. Food Agricult., 85, 2611–2616.
Co-Stat 6.300. (2003). Co-Stat statistical software. Cohort Software Company, CA, USA.
Da Porto, C., Calligaris, S., Celloti, E., Nicoli, M.C., 2000. Antiradical properties of commercial cognacs assessed by the DPPH* test. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 48, 4241–4245.
Dong, L., Zhou, H.W., Sonego, L., Lers, A., Lurie, S. (2001). Ripening of ‘Red Rosa’ plums: effect of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene. Australian J. Plant Physiol., 28, 1039–1045.
Ercisli, S. (2004). A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey. Gen. Res. Crop Evol., 51, 419–435.
Ertekin, C., Gozlekci, S., Kabas, O., Sonmez, S., Akinci, I. (2006). Some physical, pomological and nutritional properties of two plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars. J. Food Engin., 75, 508–514.
Erturk, Y., Ercisli, S., Tosun, M. (2009). Physico-chemical characteristics of wild plum fruits (Prunus spinosa L.). Int. J. Plant Prod., 3, 89–92.
Fang, N., Yu, S., Prior, R.L. (2002). LC/MS/MS characterization of phenolic constituents in dried plums. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 50, 3579–3585.
Gil, M.I., Tomas-Barberan, F.A., Hess-Pierce, B., Kader, A.A. (2002). Antioxidant capacities, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and vitamin C contents of nectarine, peach, and plum cultivars from California. J. Agricult. Food Chem. 50, 4976–4982.
Haciseferogullari, H., Gezer, I., Ozcan, M.M., Asma, B.M. (2007). Post-harvest chemical and physical-mechanical properties of some apricot varieties cultivated in Turkey. J. Food Engin., 79, 364–373.
Harker, F.R., Maindonald, J., Murray, S.H., Gunson, F.A., Hallett, I.C., Walker, S.B. (2002). Sensory interpretation of instrumental measurements.1. Texture of apple fruit. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 24, 225–239.
Hatano, T., Kagawa, H., Yasuhara, T., Okuda, T. (1988). Two new flavonoids and other constituents in licorice root: their relative astringency and radical scavenging effects. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 36, 2090–2097.
Horwitz, W. (1960). Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis, 9th Ed. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C., 314–320.
Kayano, S., Kikuzaki, H., Fukutsuka, N., Mitani, T., Nakatani, N. (2002). Antioxidant activity of prune (Prunus domestica L.) constituents and a new synergist. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 50, 3708–3712.
Hooshmand, S., Arjimani, B.H. (2009). Viewpoint: dried plum, an emerging food that may effectively improve bone health. Aging Res. Rev., 8,122–127.
Kim, D.O., Chun, O.K., Kim, Y.J., Moon, H.Y., Lee, C.Y. (2003a). Quantification of polyphenolics and their antioxidant capacity in fresh plums. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 51, 6509–6515.
Kim, D.O., Jeong, S.W., Lee, C.Y. (2003b). Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums. Food Chem., 81, 321–326.
Kristl, J., Slekovec, M., Tojnko, S., Unuk, T. (2011). Extractable antioxidants and non-extractable phenolics in the total antioxidant activity of selected plum cultivars (Prunus domestica L.): Evolution during on-tree ripening. Food Chem., 125, 29–34.
Krum, J.K. (1955). Truest evaluation in sensory panel testing. J. Food Engin., 27, 74–78.
Leong, L.P., Shui, G. (2002). An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets. Food Chem., 76, 69–75.
Lone, A.F., Wafal, B.A. (2000). Varietal diversity in the germplasm of cherries under cultivation in Kashmir. In: Environmental biodiversity and conservation, Khan, M.A., Farooq, S. (eds). A.P.H. Publ., New Delhi, 319–340.
Lozano, M., Vidal-Aragón, M.C., Hernández, M.T., Ayuso, M.C., Bernalte, M.J., García, J., Velardo, B. (2009). Physicochemical and nutritional properties and volatile constituents of six Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivars. Europ. Food Res. Technol., 228, 403–410.
Melgarejo, P., Sanchez, A.C., Hernandez, F., Szumny, A., Martinez, J.J., Legua, P., Martinez, R., Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A. (2012). Chemical, functional and quality properties of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) as affected by mulching. Sci. Horticult., 134, 114–120.
Nergiz, C., Yildiz, H. (1997). Research on chemical composition of some varieties of European plums (Prunus domestica) adapted to the Aegean district of Turkey. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 45, 2820–2823.
Oraguzie, N.C., Alspach, P., Volz, R., Whitworth, C. (2009). Post-harvest assessment of fruit parameters in apple using both instruments and an expert panel. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 52, 279–287.
Ough, C.S., Amerine, M.A. (1988). Methods Analysis of Musts and Wines, 2nd Ed. John Wiley, New York, USA.
Prieto, P., Pineda, M., Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem., 269, 337–341.
Rehder, A. (1967). Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. 2nd ed. Macmillan, New York. RHS. 2001. Colour Chart. Royal Horticult. Soc., London.
Robertson, J.A., Meredith, F.I., Senter, D.S., Okie, W.R., Norton, J.D. (1992). Physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of Japanese-type plums grown in Georgia and Alabama. J. Sci. Food Agricult., 60, 339–347.
Rop, O., Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., Kramarova, D., Sengee, Z. (2009). Antioxidant activity and selected nutritional values of plums (Prunus domestica L.) typical of the White Carpathian Mountains. Sci. Horticult., 122, 545–549.
Ruck, J.A. (1963). Chemical methods for analysis of fruit and vegetable products. Research Station, Summerland, Contribution No. B7. Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
Rupasinghe, H.P.V., Jayasankar, S., Lay, W. (2006). Variation in total phenolics and antioxidant capacity among European plum genotypes. Sci. Horticult., 108, 243–246.
Scalzo, J., Politi, A., Pellegrini, N., Mezzetti, B., Battino, M. (2005). Plant genotype affects total antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in fruit. Nutrition, 21, 207–213.
Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Meth. Enzymol., 299, 152–178.
Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Bowen, P.E., Hussain, E.A., Damayanti-Wood, B.I., Farnsworth, N.R. (2001). Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 41, 251–286.
Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J., Dickey, D.A. (1997). Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach (3rd Ed.). McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, USA.
Vursavus, K., Kelebek, H., Selli, S. (2006). A study on some chemical and physico-mechanic properties of three sweet cherry varieties (Prunus avium L.) in Turkey. J. Food Engin., 74, 568–575.
Walkowiak-Tomczak, D., Reguła, J., Łysiak, G. (2008). Physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of selected plum cultivars fruit. Acta Sci. Pol., Technol. Aliment., 7, 15–22.
Watkins, R. (1976). Cherry, plum, peach, apricot and almond. In: Evolution of crop plants, Simmonds, N.W. (ed.). Longman, London, 242–247.
Wrolstad, R.E. (1993). Color and pigment analyses in fruit products. Agriculture Experimental Station Oregon State University, Station Bulletin, 624, 4–11.
Yurdugul, S., Bozoglu, F. (2009). Studies on antimicrobial activity and certain chemical parameters of freeze-dried wild plums (Prunus spp.). Pakistan J. Nutr., 8, 1434–1441.
Zaffar, G., Mir, M.S., Sofi, A.A. (2004). Genetic divergence among apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) genotypes of Kargil, Ladakh. Indian J. Horticult., 61, 6–9.
Zheng, Y., Wang, S.Y., Wang, C.Y., Zheng, W. (2007). Changes in strawberry phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity in response to high oxygen treatments. LWT – Food Sci. Technol., 40, 49–57.
Ahmed, M., Anjum, M.A., Rubbani, M.A., Hassan, L. (2009). Characterization of indigenous Pyrus germplasm of Azad Jammu and Kashmir revealed by SDS-PAGE analysis. African J. Biot., 8, 6442–6452.
Ajenifujah-Solebo, S.O., Aina, J.O. (2011). Physico-chemical properties and sensory evaluation of jam made from black-plum fruit (Vitex doniana). African J. Food Agricult. Nutr. Develop., 11, 4772–4784.
AOAC (2000). Official methods of Analysis, 17th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington D.C., USA.
Brown, G.S., Walker, T.D. (1990). Indicators of maturity in apricots using biplot multivariate analysis. J. Sci. Food Agricult., 53, 321–331.
Calisir, S., Haciseferogullari, H., Ozcan, M., Arslan, D. (2005). Some nutritional and technological properties of wild plum (Prunus spp.) fruits in Turkey. J. Food Engin., 66, 233–237.
Cao, G., Sofic, E., Prior, R.L. (1997). Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: Structure-activity relationships. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 22, 749–760.
Cevallos-Casals, B.A., Byrne, D., Okie, W.R., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2006). Selecting new peach and plum genotypes rich in phenolic compounds and enhanced functional properties. Food Chem., 96, 273–280.
Cevallos-Casals, B.A., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2004). Stability of anthocyanin-based aqueous extracts of Andean purple corn and red-fleshed sweet potato compared to synthetic and natural colorants. Food Chem., 86, 69–77.
Chun, O.K., Kim, D.O., Moon, H.Y., Kang, H.G., Lee, C.Y. (2003). Contribution of individual polyphenolics to total antioxidant capacity of plums. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 51, 7240–7245.
Cobianchi, D., Watkins, R. (1984). Plum descriptors: descriptor list for plum and allied species (Prunus). Internat. Board of Plant Gen. Res., Brussels, pp 3–31.
Colaric, M., Veberic, R., Stampar, F., Hudina, M. (2005). Evaluation of peach and nectarine fruit quality and correlations between sensory and chemical attributes. J. Sci. Food Agricult., 85, 2611–2616.
Co-Stat 6.300. (2003). Co-Stat statistical software. Cohort Software Company, CA, USA.
Da Porto, C., Calligaris, S., Celloti, E., Nicoli, M.C., 2000. Antiradical properties of commercial cognacs assessed by the DPPH* test. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 48, 4241–4245.
Dong, L., Zhou, H.W., Sonego, L., Lers, A., Lurie, S. (2001). Ripening of ‘Red Rosa’ plums: effect of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene. Australian J. Plant Physiol., 28, 1039–1045.
Ercisli, S. (2004). A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey. Gen. Res. Crop Evol., 51, 419–435.
Ertekin, C., Gozlekci, S., Kabas, O., Sonmez, S., Akinci, I. (2006). Some physical, pomological and nutritional properties of two plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars. J. Food Engin., 75, 508–514.
Erturk, Y., Ercisli, S., Tosun, M. (2009). Physico-chemical characteristics of wild plum fruits (Prunus spinosa L.). Int. J. Plant Prod., 3, 89–92.
Fang, N., Yu, S., Prior, R.L. (2002). LC/MS/MS characterization of phenolic constituents in dried plums. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 50, 3579–3585.
Gil, M.I., Tomas-Barberan, F.A., Hess-Pierce, B., Kader, A.A. (2002). Antioxidant capacities, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and vitamin C contents of nectarine, peach, and plum cultivars from California. J. Agricult. Food Chem. 50, 4976–4982.
Haciseferogullari, H., Gezer, I., Ozcan, M.M., Asma, B.M. (2007). Post-harvest chemical and physical-mechanical properties of some apricot varieties cultivated in Turkey. J. Food Engin., 79, 364–373.
Harker, F.R., Maindonald, J., Murray, S.H., Gunson, F.A., Hallett, I.C., Walker, S.B. (2002). Sensory interpretation of instrumental measurements.1. Texture of apple fruit. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 24, 225–239.
Hatano, T., Kagawa, H., Yasuhara, T., Okuda, T. (1988). Two new flavonoids and other constituents in licorice root: their relative astringency and radical scavenging effects. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 36, 2090–2097.
Horwitz, W. (1960). Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis, 9th Ed. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C., 314–320.
Kayano, S., Kikuzaki, H., Fukutsuka, N., Mitani, T., Nakatani, N. (2002). Antioxidant activity of prune (Prunus domestica L.) constituents and a new synergist. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 50, 3708–3712.
Hooshmand, S., Arjimani, B.H. (2009). Viewpoint: dried plum, an emerging food that may effectively improve bone health. Aging Res. Rev., 8,122–127.
Kim, D.O., Chun, O.K., Kim, Y.J., Moon, H.Y., Lee, C.Y. (2003a). Quantification of polyphenolics and their antioxidant capacity in fresh plums. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 51, 6509–6515.
Kim, D.O., Jeong, S.W., Lee, C.Y. (2003b). Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums. Food Chem., 81, 321–326.
Kristl, J., Slekovec, M., Tojnko, S., Unuk, T. (2011). Extractable antioxidants and non-extractable phenolics in the total antioxidant activity of selected plum cultivars (Prunus domestica L.): Evolution during on-tree ripening. Food Chem., 125, 29–34.
Krum, J.K. (1955). Truest evaluation in sensory panel testing. J. Food Engin., 27, 74–78.
Leong, L.P., Shui, G. (2002). An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets. Food Chem., 76, 69–75.
Lone, A.F., Wafal, B.A. (2000). Varietal diversity in the germplasm of cherries under cultivation in Kashmir. In: Environmental biodiversity and conservation, Khan, M.A., Farooq, S. (eds). A.P.H. Publ., New Delhi, 319–340.
Lozano, M., Vidal-Aragón, M.C., Hernández, M.T., Ayuso, M.C., Bernalte, M.J., García, J., Velardo, B. (2009). Physicochemical and nutritional properties and volatile constituents of six Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivars. Europ. Food Res. Technol., 228, 403–410.
Melgarejo, P., Sanchez, A.C., Hernandez, F., Szumny, A., Martinez, J.J., Legua, P., Martinez, R., Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A. (2012). Chemical, functional and quality properties of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) as affected by mulching. Sci. Horticult., 134, 114–120.
Nergiz, C., Yildiz, H. (1997). Research on chemical composition of some varieties of European plums (Prunus domestica) adapted to the Aegean district of Turkey. J. Agricult. Food Chem., 45, 2820–2823.
Oraguzie, N.C., Alspach, P., Volz, R., Whitworth, C. (2009). Post-harvest assessment of fruit parameters in apple using both instruments and an expert panel. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 52, 279–287.
Ough, C.S., Amerine, M.A. (1988). Methods Analysis of Musts and Wines, 2nd Ed. John Wiley, New York, USA.
Prieto, P., Pineda, M., Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem., 269, 337–341.
Rehder, A. (1967). Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. 2nd ed. Macmillan, New York. RHS. 2001. Colour Chart. Royal Horticult. Soc., London.
Robertson, J.A., Meredith, F.I., Senter, D.S., Okie, W.R., Norton, J.D. (1992). Physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of Japanese-type plums grown in Georgia and Alabama. J. Sci. Food Agricult., 60, 339–347.
Rop, O., Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., Kramarova, D., Sengee, Z. (2009). Antioxidant activity and selected nutritional values of plums (Prunus domestica L.) typical of the White Carpathian Mountains. Sci. Horticult., 122, 545–549.
Ruck, J.A. (1963). Chemical methods for analysis of fruit and vegetable products. Research Station, Summerland, Contribution No. B7. Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
Rupasinghe, H.P.V., Jayasankar, S., Lay, W. (2006). Variation in total phenolics and antioxidant capacity among European plum genotypes. Sci. Horticult., 108, 243–246.
Scalzo, J., Politi, A., Pellegrini, N., Mezzetti, B., Battino, M. (2005). Plant genotype affects total antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in fruit. Nutrition, 21, 207–213.
Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Meth. Enzymol., 299, 152–178.
Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Bowen, P.E., Hussain, E.A., Damayanti-Wood, B.I., Farnsworth, N.R. (2001). Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 41, 251–286.
Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J., Dickey, D.A. (1997). Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach (3rd Ed.). McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, USA.
Vursavus, K., Kelebek, H., Selli, S. (2006). A study on some chemical and physico-mechanic properties of three sweet cherry varieties (Prunus avium L.) in Turkey. J. Food Engin., 74, 568–575.
Walkowiak-Tomczak, D., Reguła, J., Łysiak, G. (2008). Physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of selected plum cultivars fruit. Acta Sci. Pol., Technol. Aliment., 7, 15–22.
Watkins, R. (1976). Cherry, plum, peach, apricot and almond. In: Evolution of crop plants, Simmonds, N.W. (ed.). Longman, London, 242–247.
Wrolstad, R.E. (1993). Color and pigment analyses in fruit products. Agriculture Experimental Station Oregon State University, Station Bulletin, 624, 4–11.
Yurdugul, S., Bozoglu, F. (2009). Studies on antimicrobial activity and certain chemical parameters of freeze-dried wild plums (Prunus spp.). Pakistan J. Nutr., 8, 1434–1441.
Zaffar, G., Mir, M.S., Sofi, A.A. (2004). Genetic divergence among apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) genotypes of Kargil, Ladakh. Indian J. Horticult., 61, 6–9.
Zheng, Y., Wang, S.Y., Wang, C.Y., Zheng, W. (2007). Changes in strawberry phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity in response to high oxygen treatments. LWT – Food Sci. Technol., 40, 49–57.
Hajra Nisar
University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
Maqsood Ahmed
Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Pakistan
Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Pakistan
Muhammad Akbar Anjum
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan
Sajjad Hussain
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan
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