EFFECT OF LIVING MULCH AND LINURON ON WEEDS AND YIELD OF CARROT UNDER RIDGE CULTIVATION
Robert Gruszecki
University of Life Sciences in LublinAndrzej Borowy
University of Life Sciences in LublinAndrzej Sałata
University of Life Sciences in LublinGrażyna Zawiślak
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
A two years’ field study was conducted to compare the influence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), perennial ryegrass + white clover mixture and mowed weeds used as living mulches with the influence of linuron 675 g·ha-1 on weed infestation and yield of carrot (Daucus carota L.) ‘Flakkese 2’ under ridge cultivation. Living mulches did not affect growth of weeds during first five weeks after carrot sowing and they reduced weed infestation significantly at the end of vegetation period. Living mulches and mowed weeds caused decrease of total and marketable yield of carrot roots and in a less degree also decrease of carrot leaves fresh weight. Share of roots damaged by insects and snails and with disease symptoms in nonmarketable yields harvested on plots covered with living mulches and mowed weeds was smaller and share of bifurcated roots and roots with diameter < 20 mm was bigger than that on plots
sprayed with linuron 675 g·ha-1. Mowed weeds were less useful as a living mulch under carrot ridge cultivation than perennial ryegrass, white clover and perennial ryegrass – white clover mixture.
Keywords:
perennial ryegrass, white clover, mowing, yield structureReferences
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Nicholson, A.G., Wien, H.C. (1983). Screening of turfgrasses and clovers for use as living mulch in sweet corn and cabbage. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 108(6), 1071–1076.
Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudarmo, P., Sinclair, K., Kurz, D., McNair, M., Crist, S., Shpritz, L., Fitton, L., Saffouri, R., Blair, R. (1995). Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science, 267, 1117–1123.
Poniedziałek, M., Stokowska, E. (1999). Możliwości ograniczenia zabiegów uprawowych u kapusty głowiastej białej przez zastosowanie zielonych ściółek. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 466, 301–308.
Ponjičan, O.O., Bajkin, A.M., Jaćcimović, G.P., Tomić, M.D., Savin, L.D., Dedović, N.M., Simikić, M.D. (2012). Tillage quality affecting physical characteristics, number of plants and carrot root yield under flat and ridge cultivation. J. Food, Agric. Envron., 10(2), 304–311.
Strandberg, J.O., White, J.M. (1979). Effect of soil compaction on carrot roots. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 104, 344–349.
Swanton, C.J., O’Sullivan, J., Robinson, D.E. (2010). The critical weed-free period in carrot. Weed Sci., 58, 229–233.
Taivalmaa, S.-L., Talvitie, H. (1997). The effects of ridging, row-spacing and seeding rate on carrot yield. Agric. Food Sci. Finland, 6, 363–369.
Wiles, L.J., William, R.D., Crabtree, G.D., Radosevitch, S.R. (1989). Analyzing competition between living mulch and a vegetable crop in an interplanting system. J. Amer. Hort. Sci., 114(6), 1029–1034.
Zimdahl, R.L. (2004). Weed-crop competition: a review. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Adamczewska-Sowińska, K. (2008). Wpływ żywych ściółek na plonowanie i wartość biologiczną papryki. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 527, 59–65.
Babik, J., Dudek, J. (2003). New design for weed control on the ridges. Abstr. EWRS Working Group “Weed Management Systems in Vegetable Crops” Workshop, Res. Inst. of Vegetable Crops, Skierniewice, 26–27 June, 25.
Babik, J., Skierkowski, J., Dudek, J. (1998). Uprawa marchwi i cykorii sałatowej na redlinach. Now. Warzywn., 33, 5–8.
Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., Kęsik, T., Konopiński, M. (2014). Uprawa roli i roślin z elementami herbologii. WUP, Lublin, 184, 187, 207.
Borowy, A. (2012). Growth and yield of stake tomato under no-tillage cultivation using hairy vetch as a living mulch. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 11(2), 229–252.
Brandsæter, L.O., Netland, J., Meadow, R. (1998). Yields, weeds, pests and soil nitrogen in a white cabbage-living mulch system. Biol. Agric. Hort., 16, 291–309.
Cebulak, T., Sady, W. (2000). Effect of cultivation methods on nutritive compounds in the carrot. Folia Hort., 12/1, 77–84.
Chmielowiec, P., Borowy, A. (2005). Changes in weed community infesting common bean crop. Folia Hort., 17/1, 3–10.
Costello, M.J., Altieri, M.A. (1994). Living mulches suppress aphids in broccoli. Calif. Agric., 48(4), 24–28.
Dobrzański, A. (1999). Ochrona warzyw przed chwastami. PWRiL, Warszawa, 33–35.
Dyśko, J., Kaniszewski, S. (2007). Effect of drip irrigation, N-fertigation and cultivation methods on the yield and quality of carrot. Veget. Crops Res. Bull., 67, 25–33.
Greenland, R.G. (2000). Optimum height at which to kill barley used as a living mulch in onions. HortSci., 35(5), 853–855.
Hartwig, N.L., Ammon, H.U. (2002). Cover crops and living mulches. Weed Sci., 50, 688–699.
Heller, K. (1998). Dynamika zbiorowisk chwastów segetalnych upraw lnu włóknistego w Polsce na przestrzeni lat 1967–1996. Inst. Włókien Nat., Poznań.
Hellwigowa, A., Koczańska, E. (1960–1961). Cebula i marchew w uprawie płaskiej i redlinowej. Biul. Warzyw., 5, 181–193.
Hooks, C.R.R., Johnson, M.W. (2004). Using undersown clovers and living mulches: effects on yields, lepidopterous pest infestations, and spider densities in a Hawaiian broccoli agroecosystem. Int. J. Pest Manag., 50(2), 115–120.
Kęsik, T., Konopiński, T. (1993). Effect of some agrotechnic factors on soil properties, yield and some physical features of carrot. Part I. Physical properties of the soil. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 399, 113–118.
Kołota, E., Adamczewska-Sowińska, K. (2013). Living mulches in vegetable crops production: perspectives and limitations (a review). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12(6), 127–142.
Kowalczyk, W. (2004). Na płasko, na redlinach czy na zagonach? Warzywa, 1, 20–21.
Lal, R. (2008). Sustainable horticulture and resource management. Acta Hort., 767, 19–43.
Labrada, R. (2006). Weed management: a basic component of modern crop production. In: Sustainable Weed Management, Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R., Kohli, R.K. (eds). Haworth Press, New York, 21–49.
Leary, J., DeFrank, J. (2000). Living mulches for organic farming systems. HortTechnol., 10(4), 692–698.
Liu, M.-X, Wang, J.-A., Yan, P., Liu, L.-Y, Ge, Y.-Q, Li, X.-Y, Hu, X., Song, Y., Wang, L. (2006). Wind tunnel simulation of ridge-tillage effects on soil erosion from cropland. Soil Till. Res., 90, 242–249.
Masiunas, J.B. (1998). Production of vegetables using cover crop and living mulches – a review. J. Veget. Crop. Prod., 4(1), 11–31.
Masiunas, J.B., Eastburn, D.M., Mwaja, V.N., Eastman, C.E. (1997). The impact of living and cover crop mulch systems on pests and yields of snap beans and cabbage. J. Sust. Agric., 9(2/3), 61–89.
Nicholson, A.G., Wien, H.C. (1983). Screening of turfgrasses and clovers for use as living mulch in sweet corn and cabbage. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 108(6), 1071–1076.
Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudarmo, P., Sinclair, K., Kurz, D., McNair, M., Crist, S., Shpritz, L., Fitton, L., Saffouri, R., Blair, R. (1995). Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science, 267, 1117–1123.
Poniedziałek, M., Stokowska, E. (1999). Możliwości ograniczenia zabiegów uprawowych u kapusty głowiastej białej przez zastosowanie zielonych ściółek. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 466, 301–308.
Ponjičan, O.O., Bajkin, A.M., Jaćcimović, G.P., Tomić, M.D., Savin, L.D., Dedović, N.M., Simikić, M.D. (2012). Tillage quality affecting physical characteristics, number of plants and carrot root yield under flat and ridge cultivation. J. Food, Agric. Envron., 10(2), 304–311.
Strandberg, J.O., White, J.M. (1979). Effect of soil compaction on carrot roots. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 104, 344–349.
Swanton, C.J., O’Sullivan, J., Robinson, D.E. (2010). The critical weed-free period in carrot. Weed Sci., 58, 229–233.
Taivalmaa, S.-L., Talvitie, H. (1997). The effects of ridging, row-spacing and seeding rate on carrot yield. Agric. Food Sci. Finland, 6, 363–369.
Wiles, L.J., William, R.D., Crabtree, G.D., Radosevitch, S.R. (1989). Analyzing competition between living mulch and a vegetable crop in an interplanting system. J. Amer. Hort. Sci., 114(6), 1029–1034.
Zimdahl, R.L. (2004). Weed-crop competition: a review. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Robert Gruszecki
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Andrzej Borowy
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Andrzej Sałata
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Grażyna Zawiślak
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
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