CAN Trichoderma asperellum [T1] STIMULATE GROWTH OF LEMON BALM (Melissa officinalis L.) IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF CULTIVATION?
Jolanta Kowalska
Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute in PoznańDorota Remlein-Starosta
Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute in PoznańKatarzyna Seidler-Łożykowska
Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants in PoznańJan Bocianowski
University of Life Sciences in PoznańAbstract
The need to obtaining of healthy plant material and very small range of plant protection products in organic farming forces to searching for alternative means of plant production. Evaluation of Trichoderma asperellum as a growth promoter and the control effects of T. asperellum to Septoria melissae was evaluated. Also the fungi infesting lemon balm were identified. The experiment covered various combinations depending on the farming systems (conventional and organic system) and application of T. asperellum. The microorganism was used three times with one month interval as foliar spraying only in organically growing plants. T. asperellum was applied as water solution at a concentration of 10 g·l-1 by shoulder-carried sprayer. Control plots were treated only with water, no chemical fungicides were used. Plant development and its healthiness were assessed in respect of the effect of Trichoderma. T. asperellum was capable of stimulating the plant growth and in consequence causing an increase of dried mass of herb. There was no influence on essential oil content and proportion of leaves in the dried herb. The possibility of using of Trichoderma could be promising; especially for organic farming. Among pathogens naturally infesting of lemon balm Septoria melissae was identified most commonly.
Keywords:
beneficial microorganism, medicinal plant, organic cultivation, Septoria melissaeReferences
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Cosge B., Ipek A., Gurbuz G., 2009. GC/MS analysis of herbage essential oil from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) grown in Turkey. J. Appl. Biol. Sci. 3(2), 136–139.
Di Marco S., Osti F., 2008 Effects of Trichoderma applications on vines grown in organic nursery. Proceedings of 16th IFOAM, Modena 16–20 June, 2008. Cultivating the future based on science. Vol. 1. Organic crop production, 464–67.
Domsh K.H., Gams H., Anderson T.-H., 1980. Compendium of soil fungi. Academic Press, London.
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Kowalska J., 2010. The use of natural substances and microorganisms in organic potatoes production. In: The impact of organic production methods on the vegetable product quality, Rembiałkowska E. (ed.). Agencja Rekl.-Wyd. A. Grzegorczyk, Warszawa, 41–52.
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Liopa-Tsakalidi A., Chalikiopoulos D., Papasavvas A., 2010. Effect of chitin on growth and chlorophyll content of two medicinal plants. J. Med. Plants Res. 4(7), 499–508.
Qin L.-Y., Jiang N., Tang M.-Q., Miao J.-H., Li L.-X., 2011. Antagonism of Trichoderma spp. to fungi caused root rot of Sophora tonkinensis. J. Chin. Med. Mat. 4, 34(4), 499–502.
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Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., Zimowska B., Zalewska E., 2008. The occurrence and pathogenicity of Phoma exigua Desm var. exigua for selected species of herbs. Acta Agrobot. 61(2), 157–166.
Mangiarotti A., del Frake G., Picco A.M., Carreta G., 1987. Antagonistic activity in vitro of some saprophytic fungi occurring on the phylloplane of rice, wheat and maize. Biol. Micol. 3, 183–189.
Marcinkowska J., 2010. Oznaczanie ważnych organizmów fitopatogenicznych (Fungi, Oomycota, Plasmodiophorida). Wyd. SGGW, Warszawa.
Nagayama K., Watanabe S., Kumakura K., Ichikava T., Makino T., 2007. Development and commercialization of Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1 (Ecohope®), a microbial pesticide. J. Pestic. Sci. 32(2), 141–142.
Nagy G., Horvth A., 2010. Septoria leaf spot on medicinal plant in Hungary. Novenyvedelem 46(4), 145–153.
Ogórek R., Pląskowska E., Kalinowska K., 2011. Charakterystyka i taksonomia grzybów rodzaju Alternaria. Mikol. Lek. 18(3), 150–155.
Patora J., Majda T., Gora J., Klimek B., 2003. Variability in the content and composition of essential oil from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cultivated in Poland. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 26(10), 950–955.
Payne R., Murrey D., Harding S., Baird D., Soutou D., Lane P., 2003. GenStat for Windows – Introduction, 7th ed. VSN International, Oxford, England.
Perelló A.E, Mónaco C.I, Sisterna M., Dal Bello G., 2003. Biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma isolates for tan spot of wheat in Argentina. Crop Prot. 22, 1099–1106.
Perellō A.E., Moreno M.V., Mónaco C., Simón M.R., Cordo C., 2009. Biological control of Septoria tritici blotch on wheat by Trichoderma spp. under field conditions in Argentina. Bio-Control 54, 113–122.
Porras M., Barrau C., Romero F., 2009. Influence of Trichoderma and soil solarization on strawberry yield. ISHS Acta Horticult. 842, 389–392.
Saglam C., Atakisi I., Turhan H., Kaba S., Arslanoglu F., Onemli F., 2004. Effect of propagation method, plant density and age of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) herb and oil yield. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 32(4), 419–423.
Shapiro S.S., Wilk M.B., 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52 591–611.
Szczeponek A., Mazur S., 2006. Occurrence of fungal diseases on lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and peppermint Mentha × pipeerita L.) in the region of Malopolska. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 71(3), 1109–18.
Szczeponek A., Mazur S., Nawrocki J., 2006. The usage of chitosan in protection of some peppermint and lemon balm pathogens. Polish Chitin Society, Monograph 11, 193–200.
Wiaderny B., 2006. Melisa lekarska – uprawa. Aktualn. Rol. 2, 82, 6–7.
Zalewska E., Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., 2004. Patogeniczność grzybów z rodzaju Fusarium dla melisy lekarskiej (Melissa officinalis L.). Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 3(2), 33–39.
Blum L.E.B., 2000. Reduction of incidence and severity of Septoria lycopersici leaf spot of tomato with bacteria and yeast. Cienc. Rural 30, 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782000000500003.
Bokor P., Tancik J., Haban M., Marinkovic B.J., Polacek M., 2008. The occurrence of pests on lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Proc. Nat. Sci. Matica Srpska Novi Sad. 115, 59–64.
Cosge B., Ipek A., Gurbuz G., 2009. GC/MS analysis of herbage essential oil from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) grown in Turkey. J. Appl. Biol. Sci. 3(2), 136–139.
Di Marco S., Osti F., 2008 Effects of Trichoderma applications on vines grown in organic nursery. Proceedings of 16th IFOAM, Modena 16–20 June, 2008. Cultivating the future based on science. Vol. 1. Organic crop production, 464–67.
Domsh K.H., Gams H., Anderson T.-H., 1980. Compendium of soil fungi. Academic Press, London.
Elad Y., 1995. Mycoparasitism. In: Pathogenesis and host specificity in plant diseases: Histpathological, biochemical, genetic and molecular basis. Vol. 2: Eukaryotes, Kohmoto K., Singh U.S., Singh R.S. (eds.). Elsevier Sci. Ltd., Oxford, UK, 289–307.
Elad Y., 2000. Biological control of foliar pathogens by means of Trichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action. Crop Prot. 19, 709–714.
Elad Y., Freeman S., 2002. Biological control of fungal plant pathogens. In: The Mycota. A comprehensive treatise on fungi as experimental systems for basic and applied research, Kempken F. (ed.). XI Agricultural Applications. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 93–109.
European Pharmacopoeia, 2008. 6th ed. Vol. 2. Council of Europe. Strasburg.
Frużyńska-Jóżwiak D., Andrzejak R., 2007. The incidence of diseases and pathogenic fungi on selected medicinal and spice plants in the area of Poznań. Phytopathology 46, 47–51.
Ellis M.B., Ellis J.P., 1987. Microfungi on land plants. Croom Helm.
Harman G.E., 2004. Overview of new insights into mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma based products. Phytopathology 94(6), 138–142.
Harman G.E., Howell C.R., Viterbo A., Chet I., Lorito M., 2004. Trichoderma species – opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2, 43–56.
Howell C.R., 2003. Mechanisms employed by Trichoderma species in the biological control of plant diseases: The history and evolution of current concepts. Plant Dis. 87, 4–10.
Jacometti M.A., Wratten S.D., Walter M., 2010. Review: Alternatives to synthetic fungicides for Botrytis cinerea management in vineyards. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 16, 154–172.
Kołodziej B., 2010. Uprawa ziół. Poradnik dla plantatorów. PIWRiL Poznań.
Korolev N., David D.R., Elad Y., 2008. The role of phytohormones in basal resistance and Trichoderma-induced systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. BioControl 53, 667–683.
Kowalska J., 2010. The use of natural substances and microorganisms in organic potatoes production. In: The impact of organic production methods on the vegetable product quality, Rembiałkowska E. (ed.). Agencja Rekl.-Wyd. A. Grzegorczyk, Warszawa, 41–52.
Kowalska J., 2011. Effects of Trichoderma asperellum [T1] on Botrytis cinerea [Pers.: Fr.], growth and yield of organic strawberry. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus 10(4), 107–114.
Liopa-Tsakalidi A., Chalikiopoulos D., Papasavvas A., 2010. Effect of chitin on growth and chlorophyll content of two medicinal plants. J. Med. Plants Res. 4(7), 499–508.
Qin L.-Y., Jiang N., Tang M.-Q., Miao J.-H., Li L.-X., 2011. Antagonism of Trichoderma spp. to fungi caused root rot of Sophora tonkinensis. J. Chin. Med. Mat. 4, 34(4), 499–502.
Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., Zalewska E., Zimowska B., 2002. Fungi colonizing various organs of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cultivated in South-East Poland. Proc. 6th Conf. EPPO 2002, Praque. Plant Prot. Sci. 38 (Spec. Iss. 2), 353–356.
Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., Zalewska E., Zimowska B., 2004. Grzyby zasiedlające nadziemne organy melisy lekarskiej (Melissa officinalis L.) i tymianku właściwego (Thymus vulgaris L.) uprawianych na Lubelszczyźnie. Folia Univ. Agric. Stetin. 234 (95), 229–232.
Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., Zimowska B., Zalewska E., 2008. The occurrence and pathogenicity of Phoma exigua Desm var. exigua for selected species of herbs. Acta Agrobot. 61(2), 157–166.
Mangiarotti A., del Frake G., Picco A.M., Carreta G., 1987. Antagonistic activity in vitro of some saprophytic fungi occurring on the phylloplane of rice, wheat and maize. Biol. Micol. 3, 183–189.
Marcinkowska J., 2010. Oznaczanie ważnych organizmów fitopatogenicznych (Fungi, Oomycota, Plasmodiophorida). Wyd. SGGW, Warszawa.
Nagayama K., Watanabe S., Kumakura K., Ichikava T., Makino T., 2007. Development and commercialization of Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1 (Ecohope®), a microbial pesticide. J. Pestic. Sci. 32(2), 141–142.
Nagy G., Horvth A., 2010. Septoria leaf spot on medicinal plant in Hungary. Novenyvedelem 46(4), 145–153.
Ogórek R., Pląskowska E., Kalinowska K., 2011. Charakterystyka i taksonomia grzybów rodzaju Alternaria. Mikol. Lek. 18(3), 150–155.
Patora J., Majda T., Gora J., Klimek B., 2003. Variability in the content and composition of essential oil from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cultivated in Poland. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 26(10), 950–955.
Payne R., Murrey D., Harding S., Baird D., Soutou D., Lane P., 2003. GenStat for Windows – Introduction, 7th ed. VSN International, Oxford, England.
Perelló A.E, Mónaco C.I, Sisterna M., Dal Bello G., 2003. Biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma isolates for tan spot of wheat in Argentina. Crop Prot. 22, 1099–1106.
Perellō A.E., Moreno M.V., Mónaco C., Simón M.R., Cordo C., 2009. Biological control of Septoria tritici blotch on wheat by Trichoderma spp. under field conditions in Argentina. Bio-Control 54, 113–122.
Porras M., Barrau C., Romero F., 2009. Influence of Trichoderma and soil solarization on strawberry yield. ISHS Acta Horticult. 842, 389–392.
Saglam C., Atakisi I., Turhan H., Kaba S., Arslanoglu F., Onemli F., 2004. Effect of propagation method, plant density and age of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) herb and oil yield. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 32(4), 419–423.
Shapiro S.S., Wilk M.B., 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52 591–611.
Szczeponek A., Mazur S., 2006. Occurrence of fungal diseases on lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and peppermint Mentha × pipeerita L.) in the region of Malopolska. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 71(3), 1109–18.
Szczeponek A., Mazur S., Nawrocki J., 2006. The usage of chitosan in protection of some peppermint and lemon balm pathogens. Polish Chitin Society, Monograph 11, 193–200.
Wiaderny B., 2006. Melisa lekarska – uprawa. Aktualn. Rol. 2, 82, 6–7.
Zalewska E., Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., 2004. Patogeniczność grzybów z rodzaju Fusarium dla melisy lekarskiej (Melissa officinalis L.). Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 3(2), 33–39.
Jolanta Kowalska
Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute in Poznań
Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute in Poznań
Dorota Remlein-Starosta
Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute in Poznań
Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute in Poznań
Katarzyna Seidler-Łożykowska
Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants in Poznań
Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants in Poznań
Jan Bocianowski
University of Life Sciences in Poznań
University of Life Sciences in Poznań
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