PHENOLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC VARIABILITY OF 15 CLONES OF ROOTSTOCKS FOR APPLE
Aleksander Stachowiak
University of Life Sciences in PoznańSławomir Świerczyński
University of Life Sciences in PoznańAbstract
In many countries, apart from creative cultivation, clone selection is also carried out to get the most valuable rootstocks for apple trees. In years 2008–2010, in the
Department of Dendrology and Nursery Production of University of Life Sciences in Poznań, an experiment, which is described below, was conducted. Its aim was to estimate a degree of morphological, phenological and genetic variability of 15 clones originating from crossing A2 and B9 rootstocks. Observations that were carried out confirmed variability of the above mentioned features of clones. The differences were found in morphology of shoots, leaves, buds and in terms of the beginning of vegetation. Analysis of the results made it possible to separate four clones with desired feature of the reduction of the vigour of growth. The clones were marked as number 5, 11, 12 and 13, and they can turn out to be valuable rootstocks for apple trees. With help of PCR-RAPD method genetic variability of the clones number 2 and 3 was shown, as well.
Keywords:
new clones, rootstocks for apple, variabilityReferences
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Czynczyk A., Jakubowski T., 2007. Value of standard and new selected rootstocks for apples in Poland. Acta Hort., 732, 51–57.
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Engel G., 1999. Effect of different M.9 subclones and M.9 cross breed rootstocks on the growth, yield and fruit quality of three apple cultivars. Proc. of the International Seminar ‘Apple rootstocks for intensive orchard’ (Warsaw–Ursynów, Poland 18–21.09.1999), 25–26.
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Piestrzeniewicz C., Sadowski A., Dziuban R., 2009. Suitability of different dwarfing rootstocks for ‘Rubin’ apple trees grown in fertile soil. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 17(2), 53–62.
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Przybyła A., Bielicki P., Czynczyk A., 2009. New Polish vegetative mutant rootstocks for apple. Acta Hort., 814, 315–318.
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Słowiński A, Sadowski A., 2002. Performance of maidens and trees on M.9 subclones in nursery and in the orchard. Folia Hort., 13 (2), 41–46.
Stachowiak A., Świerczyński S., 2009. Estimation of 15 new clones of apple rootstocks. Nauka, Przyroda, Technologie, http/;//www.npt.arpoznan.net/tom3/zeszyt3/art.77.
Stachowiak A. Świerczyński S., 2011. Growth of maiden apple trees of ‘Galaxy’ and ‘Rubin’ on rootstocks clones originating from crossing A2xB9. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 10 (2), 49–59.
Webster A.D., 1997. A review of fruit tree rootstock research and development. Acta Hort., 451, 53–57.
Webster A.D., 1999. Dwarfing rootstocks for apple: past, presence and future. Proc. of the International Seminar ‘Apple rootstocks for intensive orchard’ (Warsaw–Ursynów, Poland 18–21.09.1999), 9–12.
Webster A.D., Hollands M.S., 1999. Orchard comparison of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ grown on selections of the apple rootstock M.9. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech., 74(4), 513–521.
Webster A.D., Tobutt K., 2001. Breeding and selection of new apple rootstocks at Horticulture Research International-East Malling. Acta Hort., 557, 189–192.
Wertheim S.J., 1997. Useful differences in growth vigour between subclones of the apple rootstock M.9 Acta Hort., 451, 121–128.
Zagaja S. W., Czynczyk. A., Jakubowski T., Omiecińska B., 1988. Breeding and evaluating apple rootstocks for Northern Europe. Hort. Science 23(1), 109–112.
Barritt B.H. Konisi B.S. Dilley M.A., 2004. The influence of 12 M.9 clones and 12 other dwarfing rootstocks on ‘Fuji’ apple tree growth, productivity and susceptibility to southwest trunk injury in Washington. Acta Hort., 658, 103–109.
Bielicki P., Czynczyk A. Bartosiewicz B., 1999. Effects of new Polish rootstocks and some M.9 clones on growth, cropping and fruit quality of three apple cultivars. Proc. of the International Seminar ‘Apple rootstocks for intensive orchard’ (Warsaw–Ursynów, Poland 18–21.09.1999), 15–16.
Czynczyk A., Bielicki P., Bartosiewicz B., 2003. Influence of subclones of M.9 and P 22 and New Polish-bred rootstock on the growth and yields of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Ligol’ apple trees Acta Hortc., 658, 129–133.
Czynczyk A., Jakubowski T., 2007. Value of standard and new selected rootstocks for apples in Poland. Acta Hort., 732, 51–57.
Engel G., 1977. Comparison of M.9 clonal selections with respect to growth and cropping of three apple varieties. Acta Hort., 75, 163–167.
Engel G., 1986. Viruse free and virus tested M.9 selections. Acta Hort., 160, 79–82.
Engel G., 1999. Effect of different M.9 subclones and M.9 cross breed rootstocks on the growth, yield and fruit quality of three apple cultivars. Proc. of the International Seminar ‘Apple rootstocks for intensive orchard’ (Warsaw–Ursynów, Poland 18–21.09.1999), 25–26.
Hrotko K, Magyar L, Hanusz B., 1997. Apple rootstock trials at Faculty of Horticulture, Budapest. Acta Hort., 451, 153–160.
Hrotko K., 2007. Advances and challenges in fruit rootstock research. Acta Hort., 732, 33–40.
Jadczuk E., 1997. Growth and cropping of ‘Jonagold’ apple trees depending on rootstock. International Seminar ‘Modern orchards-achievements and tendencies’ (Babtai, Lithuania), 10–16.
Jakubowski T., 1993. Breeding of fruit crops in Poland. Fruit Var. J., 47(3), 137–142.
Jakubowski T., 1999. Achievements in apple rootstock breeding in Poland. Proc. of the International Seminar ‘Apple rootstocks for intensive orchard’ (Warsaw–Ursynów, Poland 18–21.09.1999), 47–48.
Jakubowski T., Zagaja S.W., 2000. 45 years of apple rootstocks breeding in Poland. Acta Hort., 538, 723–727.
Johnson W.C., Aldwinckle H.S., Cummins, J.N., Forsline P.L., Holleran H.T., Norelli J.L., Robinson TL., 2001. The new USDA-ARS/Cornell University apple rootstock breeding and evaluation program. Acta Hort., 557, 35–40.
Kolasiński M., 1996. Polskie biotypy podkładki M.9. II Ogólnopolskie Sympozjum ‘Nowe rośliny i technologie w ogrodnictwie’ (Poznań, Poland, 17–18.09.1996), 171–174.
Maćkowiak M., 1995. Zróżnicowanie genotypu podkładek jabłoni M.9 w Polsce. ‘Postęp w intensyfikacji upraw sadowniczych’, (Poznań, Poland, 15.09.1995), 20–26.
Masseron A., Roche L., 1993. Pajam 1 Lancep, Pajam 2 Cepiland deux selections de M.9 sans virus. Infos. CTIFL, 94, 17–21.
Masseron A., Simard M.H., 2002. Les porte-greffe du pommier: 20 années d′études en France. 2e partie. Infos-Ctifl no. 175.
Oosten van H.J., 1986. Intraclonal variation in M.9 rootstock and its effect on nursery and orchard performance. Acta Hort., 160, 67–77.
Piestrzeniewicz C., Sadowski A., Dziuban R., 2009. Suitability of different dwarfing rootstocks for ‘Rubin’ apple trees grown in fertile soil. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 17(2), 53–62.
Poniedziałek W., Nosal K., Porębski S., Banach P., 2001. Evaluation of ‘Jonagold’ apple trees on M.9 rootstock produced in different nurseries. part II. Virus diseases. Folia Hort., 13 (2), 23–29.
Przybyła A., 1988. Selection of dwarf mutants of apple vegetative rootstocks obtained by gamma irradiation. Hodowla Roślin, Aklimatyzacja i Nasiennictwo 32 (1/2), 255–260.
Przybyła A., Zagaja S.W., 1989. Hodowla radiacyjna jabłoni oraz wegetatywnych podkładek jabłoni. Zesz. Probl. IHAR, 181–186.
Przybyła A., Bielicki P., Czynczyk A., 2009. New Polish vegetative mutant rootstocks for apple. Acta Hort., 814, 315–318.
R.H.S., 1966.Colour Chart. The Royal Horticulture Society, London.
Robinson T.L., 2001. The new USDA/Cornell University apple rootstock breeding and evaluation program. Acta Hort., 557, 35–40.
Robinson T.L., Hoying S.A, 2004. Performance of elite Cornell Geneva apple rootstocks in longterm orchard trials on growers farms. Acta Hort., 658, 221–225
Robinson T.L., Anderson L., Azarenko A., Barritt B.H., Brown G., Cline J., Crassweller R., Domoto P., Embree C., Fennell A., Ferree D., Garcia E., Gaus A., Greene G., Hampson C., Hirst P., Hoover E., Johnson S., Kushad M., Marini R.E., 2004. Performance of Cornell-Geneva rootstock across North America in multi location NC-140 rootstock trials. Acta Hort., 658, 241–246.
Słowiński A, Sadowski A., 2002. Performance of maidens and trees on M.9 subclones in nursery and in the orchard. Folia Hort., 13 (2), 41–46.
Stachowiak A., Świerczyński S., 2009. Estimation of 15 new clones of apple rootstocks. Nauka, Przyroda, Technologie, http/;//www.npt.arpoznan.net/tom3/zeszyt3/art.77.
Stachowiak A. Świerczyński S., 2011. Growth of maiden apple trees of ‘Galaxy’ and ‘Rubin’ on rootstocks clones originating from crossing A2xB9. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 10 (2), 49–59.
Webster A.D., 1997. A review of fruit tree rootstock research and development. Acta Hort., 451, 53–57.
Webster A.D., 1999. Dwarfing rootstocks for apple: past, presence and future. Proc. of the International Seminar ‘Apple rootstocks for intensive orchard’ (Warsaw–Ursynów, Poland 18–21.09.1999), 9–12.
Webster A.D., Hollands M.S., 1999. Orchard comparison of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ grown on selections of the apple rootstock M.9. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech., 74(4), 513–521.
Webster A.D., Tobutt K., 2001. Breeding and selection of new apple rootstocks at Horticulture Research International-East Malling. Acta Hort., 557, 189–192.
Wertheim S.J., 1997. Useful differences in growth vigour between subclones of the apple rootstock M.9 Acta Hort., 451, 121–128.
Zagaja S. W., Czynczyk. A., Jakubowski T., Omiecińska B., 1988. Breeding and evaluating apple rootstocks for Northern Europe. Hort. Science 23(1), 109–112.
Aleksander Stachowiak
University of Life Sciences in Poznań
University of Life Sciences in Poznań
Sławomir Świerczyński
University of Life Sciences in Poznań
University of Life Sciences in Poznań
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