PATHOGENICITY OF Drechslera avenae FOR LEAVES OF SELECTED OAT GENOTYPES AND IST ABILITY TO PRODUCE ANTHRAQUINONE COMPOUNDS
Malgorzata Cegiełko
University of Life Sciences in LublinIrena Kiecana
University of Life Sciences in LublinPiotr Kachlicki
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of SciencesWojciech Wakuliński
Warsaw University of Life SciencesAbstract
Drechslera leaf spot in the common oat (Avena sativa L.) is caused by D. avenae (syn. Pyrenophora chaetomioides, Helminthosporium avenae). Susceptibility of various oat cultivars and breeding lines to leaf infection by this pathogen was investigated in the field in 2001–2002 and in a growth chamber. After natural infection in the field, brown or brown-red spots caused by D. avenae were found in all oat genotypes and both years, but were less common in the drier and colder growing season (2001). Mean values of leaf infection index in the studied oat genotypes for the 2 years varied from 5.65 (CHD 2100) to 10.33 (Akt). After artificial inoculation in the growth chamber, symptoms were similar but leaf infection index was much higher – from 15.0 (Bajka) to 41.3 (STH 4699). High-performance liquid chromatography showed that anthraquinone derivatives produced by strain 1 of D. avenae include anthraquinone compaunds – cynodontin and helminthosporin. These compounds are known to limit the growth of some other pathogens and saprophytes.
Keywords:
Poaceae, leaf spot, cynodontin, helminthosporinReferences
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Scott D.B., 1995. Helminthosporia that cause leaf spots on small-grain cereals in South Africa. [In:] Chełkowski J. Helminthosporia metabolites, biology, plant diseases Bipolaris,
Drechslera, Exserohilum. Poznań, Poland, 107–137.
Shaner G., 1981. Effect of environment on fungal leaf blights of small grains. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 19, 273–296.
Sugawara F., Strobel G.A., 1986. (–) – Dihydropyrenophorin, a novel and selective phytotoxin produced by Drechslera avenae. Plant Sci. 43, 1–5.
Tottman D.R., 1987. The decimal code for the growth stages of cereals with illustrations. BCPC Publications Reprinted from the Annals of Applied Biology, 110. Occasional Publication, 4,
441–454.
Wakuliński W., 2004. Reaction of Triticum aestivum L. And x Triticosecale Wittmack to infection by Pyrenophora tritici – repentis (Died.) Drechsler and characteristics of some biological
properties of the pathogen. Rozprawy Naukowe: monografie. Warszawa.
Żuk B., 1989. Biometry applied. Warszawa.
Anke H., Kolthoum I., Zahner H., Laatsh M., 1980a. The anthraquinones of Aspergillus glaucus group. I. Occurrence, isolation, identification and antimicrobial activity. Arch. Microbiol. 126,
223–230.
Anke H., Kolthoum I., Laatsh M., 1980b. Metabolic products of microorganisms. 192. The anthraquinones of Aspergillus glaucus group. II. Biological activity. Arch. Microbiol. 126,
231–236.
Arabi M.I., Barrault G., Sarrafi A., Albertini L., 1992. Variation in the resistance of barley cultivars and in the pathogenicity of Drechslera teres f. sp. maculata and D. teres f. sp. teres isolates
from France. Plant. Pathol. 41, 180–186.
Arsenijević M., Draganić D., Kenžević T., 1996. Verste nekadašnjeg roda „Helminthosporium” utrvdene u Jugoslaviji (1992–1995). Zaštita bilja 47, 93–119.
Bucklew A.R., Chakravarti A., Burge W.R., Thomas V.M., Ikawa M., 1972. Effect of mycotoxins and cumarins on the growth of Bacillus megaterium from spores. Agr. Food Chem. 20,
431–433.
Carmona M.A., Zweegman J., Reis E.M., 2004. Detection and transmission of Drechslera avenae from oat seed. Fitopathol. Bras. 29, 319–321.
Cegiełko M., 2008. Pathogenicity of Drechslera avenae (Eidam) Scharif to selected oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.). EJPAU, Horticulture, 11, 2, http://www.ejpau.media.pl (verified Apr 9,
2008).
Chen W.S., Pocnie M., Tsien R.Y., Gill G.N., Rosenfeld M.G., 1987. Requirement for intrinsic protein kinase in the immediate and late action of the EGF receptor. Nature 328, 820–823.
Clear R.M., Patrick S.K., Gaba B., 2000. Prevalence of fungi and fusariotoxins on oat seed from western Canada, 1995–1997. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 22, 310–314.
Earhart R.W., Shands H.L., 1952. Oat varietal responses to infection by Helminthosporium avenae Eid. Agronomy J. 44, 234–238.
Engström K., Brishammar S., Svensson Ch., Bengtsson M., Andersson R., 1993. Anthraquinones from some Drechslera species and Bipolaris sorokiniana. Mycol. Res. 97, 381–384.
Frank J.A., Christ B.J., 1988. Rate limiting resistance to Pyrenophora leaf blotch in spring oats. Phytopathology 78, 957–960.
Fredenhagen K., Buchdunger E., Regenass U., Roggo B.E., Petersen F., 1995. Protein tyrosine kinase C inhibition by fungal anthraquinones related to emodin. J. Antibiotics 48, 1355–1358.
Gacek E., 1979. Investigations into barley resistance to leaf net disease caused by Pyrenophora teres (Died.) Drechsl. Hod. Rośl. Aklim. Nasienn. 23, 73–83.
Hagan A., 2007. Fungicide use on oats in Alabama. http://www.aces.edu/timelyinfo//PlantPathology/2007/February/pp626.pdf (verified Febr 26, 2007).
Kachlicki P., Wakuliński W., 2002. Analysis of anthraquinone pigments of Pyrenophora triticirepentis (Died.) Drechs. Acta Agrobot. 53, 97–105.
Kastanias M.A., Chrysayi-Tokousbalides M., 1999. Comparative phytotoxicity of pyrenophorin and pyrenophorol isolated from a Drechslera avenae pathotype. Brighton Crop Protection
Conference: Weeds. Procc. of an International Conf. Brighton, UK, 2, 581–582.
Kastanias M.A., Chrysayi-Tokousbalides M., (2000). Herbicidal potential of pyrenophorol isolated from a Drechslera avenae pathotype. Pest Manag. Sci. 56, 227–232.
Kiecana I., Cegiełko M., 2007. Pathogenicity of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. to selected oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes. Plant Breed. Seed Sci. 56, 31–45.
Kim S.K., Asano T., Marumo S., Kim S.K., 1995. Bilogical activity of brassinosteroid inhibitor KM-01 produced by a fungus Drechslera avenae. Biosci., Biotech. Biochem. 59, 1394–1397.
Kim S., Hatori M., Ojika M., Sakagami Y., Marumo S., 1998. KM-01 a brassinolide inhibitor, its production, isolation and structure from two fungi Drechslera avenae and Pycnoporus coccineus. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chem. 6, 1975–1982.
Kohlmüzner S., 1998. Pharmacognozy. PZWL, Warszawa.
Ligterink W., Kroj T., Niden U., Hirt H., Scheel D., 1997. Receptor-mediated activation of a MAP kinase in pathogen defense of plants. Science 276, 2054–2057.
Lüning H.U., Schlösser E., 1976. Role of saponins in antifungal resistance. VI Interaction between Avena sativa and Drechslera avenacea. Z. Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz. 83, 17–327.
Łacicowa B., 1969. A laboratory method for rapid determination of barley resistance to Helminthosporium sativum P. K. et B. Biul. IHAR 3–4, 61–62.
Łacicowa B., Kiecana I., Pięta D., 1991. Health status of spring barley in crop rotation of different share of cereals with regard to chemical protection. Phytopath. Pol. 1, 50–53.
Mehta YR., 1999. Drechslera spp. attacking white oat in the State of Paraná. Summa Phytopathologica 25, 265–267.
Mehta Y.R., 2001. Molecular and pathogenetic variability of Drechslera isolates form oats. Fitopatol. Bras. 26, 590–596.
Mishra C.B.P., Behr L., 1976. Der Einfluss von Kulturfiltraten von Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc., Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. und Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces., Griphosphaeria nivalis Müller et Arx auf die Keimung des Weizen. Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz 12, 373–377.
Muzychkina R.A., 1998. Natural anthraquinones. Biological properties and physicochemical characteristics. In: Tolstikov GA. (ed.) Moscow, Publishing House Phasis, pp. 864.
Nishizuka Y., 1988. The molecular heterogeneity of protein kinase C and its implications for cellular regulation. Nature 334, 661–665.
Obst A., 1995. Seedling blight and leaf spot of oats caused by Drechslera avenae. In: Chełkowski J. Helminthosporia metobolites, biology, plant diseases Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum.
Poznań, Poland, 161–174.
Oleszek W., 2001. Ecological function of saponins. In: Oleszek W, Głowniak K, Leszczyński B. Biochemical environmental interactions. Lublin, Poland, Medical Academy, 213–229.
Paul V.H., 1995. Grass diseases caused by Drechslera spp. In: Chełkowski J. Helinthosporia metabolites, biology, plant diseases, Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum. Poznań, Poland,
175–186.
Prończuk M., 2000. Grass diseases – occurrence and harmfulness in seed production and turf maintenance. Radzików.
Scott D.B., 1995. Helminthosporia that cause leaf spots on small-grain cereals in South Africa. [In:] Chełkowski J. Helminthosporia metabolites, biology, plant diseases Bipolaris,
Drechslera, Exserohilum. Poznań, Poland, 107–137.
Shaner G., 1981. Effect of environment on fungal leaf blights of small grains. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 19, 273–296.
Sugawara F., Strobel G.A., 1986. (–) – Dihydropyrenophorin, a novel and selective phytotoxin produced by Drechslera avenae. Plant Sci. 43, 1–5.
Tottman D.R., 1987. The decimal code for the growth stages of cereals with illustrations. BCPC Publications Reprinted from the Annals of Applied Biology, 110. Occasional Publication, 4,
441–454.
Wakuliński W., 2004. Reaction of Triticum aestivum L. And x Triticosecale Wittmack to infection by Pyrenophora tritici – repentis (Died.) Drechsler and characteristics of some biological
properties of the pathogen. Rozprawy Naukowe: monografie. Warszawa.
Żuk B., 1989. Biometry applied. Warszawa.
Malgorzata Cegiełko
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Irena Kiecana
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Piotr Kachlicki
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences
Wojciech Wakuliński
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
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