BENZYLADENINE EFFECT ON ROOTING AND AXILLARY SHOOT OUTGROWTH OF Gaura lindheimeri Engelm. A. Gray CUTTINGS
Katarzyna Wróblewska
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesAbstract
Cytokinins determine plant shape via regulation of meristem activity. Stimulatory effect of cytokinins on lateral shoot outgrowth is used in plant production yet they
usually impair rhizogenesis. This excludes their usage in propagation from cuttings, although in some cases cytokinin positively affect rooting. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of benzyladenine in a wide range of concentrations on rooting and development of Gaura lindheimeri cuttings and their subsequent growth in order to obtain well branched plants in the shortest time of cultivation. Our study demonstrated high efficiency of some BA treatments in shaping of gaura cuttings without inhibition of rooting. The only combination favouring root formation (by 48%) was BA in 0.02 g dm-3. Cuttings treated with BA in concentration 0.1 g dm-3 and higher formed axillary shoots of considerably increased number and length. The most numerous shoots in both, cuttings
and young plants, were observed after application of BA in concentration 2.0 g dm-3. Considering rooting and branching into account the same combination occurred to be the most suitable for development of gaura plants.
Keywords:
cytokinin, adventitious roots, branchingReferences
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Werner T., Motyka V., Strand M., Schmülling T., 2001. Regulation of plant growth by cytokinin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10487–10492.
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Wightman F., Schneider E.A., Thimman K., 1980. Hormonal factors controlling the initiation and development of lateral roots. II. Effect of exogenous growth factors on lateral root formation in pea roots. Physiol. Plant. 49, 304–314.
Wróblewska K., Bąbelewski P., 2010. The effect of benzyladenine and naphthalene acetic acid on rooting and subsequent growth of Portulaca umbraticola Kunth. Folia Hort. Ann. 22(2), 39–44
Xie X., Yoneyama K., Yoneyama K., 2010. The strigolactone story. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 48, 93–117.
Yaish M.W.F., Guevara D.R., El-Kereamy A., Rothstein S.J., 2010. Axillary shoot branching in plants. In: Pua E.C. Davey M.R. (eds.), Plant Developmental Biology – Biotechnological Perspectives: Volume 1, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 37–52.
Biddington N.L., Dearman A.S., 1982. The involvement of the root apex and cytokinins in the control of lateral root emergence in lettuce seedlings. Plant Growth Regul. 1, 183–193.
Blagoeva E., Dobrev P.I., Malbeck J., Motyka V., Gaudinová A.. Vaňková R.. 2004. Effect of exogenous cytokinins, auxins and adenine on cytokinin N-glucosylation and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase activity in de-rooted radish seedlings. Plant Growth Regul. 44, 15–23.
Carey D., Whipker B., McCally I., Buhler W., 2007. Cytokinin based PGR affects growth of vegetative petunia. SNA Research Conference, 52 Growth Regulators Section 102, 101–109.
Dawson I.A., King R.W., 1993. Effect of environment and applied chemicals on the flowering and form of Geraldton Wax (Chamelaucium uncinatum Schauer). Sci. Hort. 54, 233–246.
De Klerk G.-J., Keppel M., Ter Brugge J., Meekes H., 1995. Timing of the phases in adventitious root formation apple microcuttings. J. Exp. Bot. 46, 965–972.
Dello Ioio R., Linhares F.S., Scacchi E., Casamitjana-Martinez E., Heidstra R., Costantino P., Sabatini S. 2007. Cytokinins determine Arabidopsis root-meristem size by controlling cell differentiation. Curr. Biol. 17(8), 678–82.
Dodd I.C., 2005. Root-to-shoot signaling: Assessing the roles of 'up' in the up and down world of long-distance signaling in planta. Plant and Soil 274, 251–270.
Doerner P., 2007. Plant Meristems: Cytokinins – The Alpha and Omega of the Meristem. Current Biology, 17(9), 321–323.
Fabijan D., Taylor J.S., Reid D.M., 1981. Adventitious root formation in hypocotyls of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seedlings. II. The role of gibbrellins, cytokinins, auxins and ethylene. Physiol. Plant. 53, 578–588.
Ferguson B.J., Beveridge C.A., 2009. Roles for auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone in regulating shoot branching. Plant Physiol. 149, 1929–1944.
Gaspar T., Kevers C., Faivre-Rampant O., Crèvecoeur M., Penel C., Greppin H., Dommes J., 2003. Changing concepts in plant hormone action. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant. 39, 85–106.
Kamínek M., Motyka V., Vaňková R., 1997. Regulation of cytokinin content in plant cells. Physiol. Plant. 101, 689–700.
Kyozuka J., 2007. Control of shoot and root meristem function by cytokinin. Curr. Op. Plant Biol. 10, 442–446.
Laplaze, L., Benkova E., Casimiro I., Maes L., Vanneste S., Swarup R., Weijers D., Calvo V., Parizot B., Herrera-Rodriguez M.B., Offringa R., Graham N., Doumas P., Friml J., Bogusz D., Beeckman T., Bennett M., 2007. Cytokinins act directly on lateral root founder cells to inhibit root initiation. Plant Cell 19, 3889–3900.
Li S.-W., Xue L., Xu S., Feng H., An L., 2009. Mediators, genes and signaling in adventitious rooting. Bot. Rev. 75, 230–247.
Moubayidin L., Mambro R.D., Sabatini S., 2009. Cytokinin–auxin crosstalk. Trends Plant Sci. 14 (10), 557–562.
Müller B., Sheen J., 2007. Advances in cytokinin signaling. Science 318, 68–69.
Nördstrom A., Tarkowski P., Tarkowska D., Norbeak R., Åstot C., Dolezal K. 2004. Auxin regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana: A factor of potential importance for auxin-cytokinin-regulated development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 8039–8044.
Ongoro V., Leyser O., 2008. Hormonal control of shoot branching. J. Exp. Bot. 59, 67–74.
Parzymies M., Dąbski M., 2012. The effect of cytokinin types and their concentration on in vitro multiplication of Clematis viticella (L.) and Clematis integrifolia ‘Petit Faucon’. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 11(1), 81–91.
Pernisová M., Klíma P., Horák J., Válková M. Malbeck J., Soucek P., Reichman P., Hoyerová K., Dubová J., Friml J., Zazímalová E., Hejátko J., 2009. Cytokinins modulate auxin-induced organogenesis in plants via regulation of the auxin efflux. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA USA. 106(9), 3609–3614.
Pijut P.M., Woeste K.E., Michler C.H., 2011. Promotion of adventitious root formation of difficult-to-root hardwood tree species. In: Janick J. (ed.) Hort. Rev. 38, 213–251.
Pop T.I., Pamfil D., Bellini C., 2011. Auxin control in the formation of adventitious roots. Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj. 39(1), 307–316.
Pobudkiewicz A., 2005. The influence of BA on branching of pot carnation. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln. 504, 209–214 (in Polish).
Popenoe J., 2006. Effect of benzyadenine on branch induction in Magnolia grandiflora 'D. D. Blanchard'. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119, 432–433.
Rani Debi B., Taketa S., Ichii M., 2005. Cytokinin inhibits lateral root initiation but stimulates lateral root elongation in rice (Oryza sativa). J. Plant Physiol. 162, 507–515.
Sakakibara H., 2006. Cytokinins: Activity, Biosynthesis and Translocation. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 57, 431–449.
Shimizu-Sato S., Tanaka M., Mori H., 2009. Auxin-cytokinin interactions in the control of shoot branching. Plant Mol. Biol. 69, 429–435.
Svenson S.E., 1990. Branching of Verbena liners is influenced by cytokinin application during cutting propagation. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 103, 201–203.
Tanaka M., Takei K., Kojima M., Sakakibara H., Mori H., 2006. Auxin controls local cytokinin biosynthesis in the nodal stem in apical dominance. Plant J. 45, 1028–1036.
Taylor J.L.S., van Staden J., 1997. Variation in the level and type of cytokinin with the stage of root development in Impatiens walleriana Hook. f. stem cuttings. Plant Growth Regul. 22, 175–180.
Turnbull C.G.N., Raymond M.A.A., Dodd I.C., Morris S.E., 1997. Rapid increases in cytokinin concentration in lateral buds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during release of apical dominance. Planta 202, 271–276.
Van Staden J., Harty A.R., 1988. Cytokinins and adventitious root formation. In: Davies T.D., Haissig B.E., Sankhla N. (eds.) Adventitious root formation in cuttings, Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon, 185–201.
Van Staden J., Zazimalova E., George E.F., 2008. Plant growth regulators II: cytokinins, their analogues and antagonists. [In: ] Plant propagation by tissue culture. George (ed.), Springer, 205–226.
Werner T., Motyka V., Laucou V., Smets R., Onckelen H. Van, Schmülling T., 2003. Cytokinindeficient transgenic arabidopsis plants show multiple developmental alterations indicating opposite functions of cytokinins in the regulation of shoot and root meristem activity. The Plant Cell 15, 2532–2550.
Werner T., Motyka V., Strand M., Schmülling T., 2001. Regulation of plant growth by cytokinin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10487–10492.
Werner T., Schmülling T., 2009. Cytokinin action in plant development. Curr. Op. Plant Biol. 12, 527–538.
Wightman F., Schneider E.A., Thimman K., 1980. Hormonal factors controlling the initiation and development of lateral roots. II. Effect of exogenous growth factors on lateral root formation in pea roots. Physiol. Plant. 49, 304–314.
Wróblewska K., Bąbelewski P., 2010. The effect of benzyladenine and naphthalene acetic acid on rooting and subsequent growth of Portulaca umbraticola Kunth. Folia Hort. Ann. 22(2), 39–44
Xie X., Yoneyama K., Yoneyama K., 2010. The strigolactone story. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 48, 93–117.
Yaish M.W.F., Guevara D.R., El-Kereamy A., Rothstein S.J., 2010. Axillary shoot branching in plants. In: Pua E.C. Davey M.R. (eds.), Plant Developmental Biology – Biotechnological Perspectives: Volume 1, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 37–52.
Katarzyna Wróblewska
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
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