LIVING MULCHES IN VEGETABLE CROPS PRODUCTION: PERSPECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS (A REVIEV)
Eugeniusz Kołota
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesKatarzyna Adamczewska-Sowińska
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesAbstract
Different aspects of living mulches application in vegetable crops production is discussed in the paper. They compete with vegetables for light, moisture and nutrients and for this reason in most cases cause the yield reduction of cash crops. However, at the end of vegetation period, after ploughing down as green manure they enhance the organic matter content in the soil, improve its physical and chemical properties, which are beneficial for the subsequent species in crop rotation. Undersowing is best suited in perennial crops like rhubarb or the species with relatively long vegetation period, grown from transplants (leek, cabbage, sweet corn, stake tomato, pepper). The most important attributes required for species used as living mulches are quick emergence and soil covering, short
height, low water and nutrients demands. In most cases the legume crops (white clover Trifolium repens L., red clover Trifolium pratense L., hairy vetch Vicia villosa Roth., seradella Ornithopus sativus Brot.), grasses (perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L.) or cereals, especially rye Secale cereale L. are used for this purpose. Their competitiveness to the cash crops may be diminished by the delayed term of undersowing the only in strips between plant rows, mowing the biomass or the use of sublethal doses of herbicides. The beneficial effects of living mulches include the suppression of weed infestation, reduced insect pests and diseases pressure, and prevention from soil degradation. They suppress soil compaction, wind and water erosion, improve soil structure, reduce the surface water runoff and nutrients leaching. Living mulch cover is favourable for biological activity of the soil and the amounts of available nutrients after decomposition. Further intensive studies
will be needed to introduce such intercropping, friendly to the environment system to the wide practice, especially in the terms of possible decrease of competitiveness to the cash crops.
Keywords:
vegetable species, weed control, pests, diseases, soil propertiesReferences
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Galloway B.A., Weston L.A., 1996. Inflence of cover crop and herbicide treatment on weed control and yield in no-till sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duch.). Weed Technol. 10, 341–346.
Gibson K.D., McMillan J., Hallett S.G., Jordan T., Weller S.C., 2011. Effect of a living mulch on weed seed banks in tomato. Weed Technol. 25(2), 245–251.
Greenland R.G., 2000. Optimum height at which to kill barley used as a living much in onions. HortSci. 35(5), 853–855.
Guldan S.J., Martin C.A., Cueto-Wong J., Steiner R.L., 1996. Interseeding legumes into chili: Legume productivity and effect on chili yield. HortSci. 31, 1126–1128.
Hall J.K., Hartwig N.L., Hoffman L.D., 1984. Cyanazine losses in runoff from no tillage corn in “living mulch” and dead mulches vs. unmalched conventional tillage. J. Environ. Qual. 13, 105–110.
Hargrove W.L., 1986. Winter legumes as a nitrogen source for no-till grain sorghum. Agron. J. 78, 70–74.
Hartwig N.L., Ammon H.U., 2002. Cover crops and living mulches. Weed Sci. 50, 688–699.
Henning V., 1998. Wirkung von Untersaaten in Sellerie und Virsig auf den Ertrag. Gartenbauwiss 63(1), 7–14.
Hooks C.R.R., Johnson M.W., 2002. Lepidopteran pest populations and crop yield in row intercropped broccoli. Agric. Forest Entomol. 4, 117–126.
Hooks C.R.R., Johnson M.W., 2003. Impact of agriculture diversification on the insect community of cruciferous crops (review). Crop Product. 22, 223–238.
Hooks C.R.R., Johnson M.W., 2004. Using undersown clovers as living mulches: lepidopterous pest infestations, and spider densities in a Hawaiian broccoli agroecosystem. Int. J. Pest Manag. 50(2), 115–120.
Infante M.L., Morse R.D., 1996. Integration of no tillage and overseeded legume living mulches for transplanted broccoli production. Hort. Sci. 31, 376–380.
Jankowska B., Poniedziałek M., Jędrszczyk E., 2009. Effect of intercropping white cabbage whith French Marigold (Tagetes patula nana L.) and Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) on the colonization of plants by pest insects. Folia Hort. 21/1, 95–103.
Jasa P.J., Dickey E.C., 1991. Subsoiling, contouring, and tillage effects on erosion and runoff. Appl. Eng. Agr. 7(1), 81–85.
Jędrszczyk E., Poniedziałek M., 2007a. The impact of the living mulch on plant growth and selected features of sweet corn yield. Folia Hort. 19/1, 3–13.
Jędrszczyk E., Poniedziałek M., 2007b. The influence of meteorological conditions on the growth and yielding of leek cultivated in living mulches. Folia Hort. 19/2, 23–37.
Jędrszczyk E., Poniedziałek M., 2009. Wpływ żywych ściółek na wybrane właściwości gleby i zachwaszczenie w uprawie kukurydzy cukrowej. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 539, 265–272.
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Eugeniusz Kołota
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
Katarzyna Adamczewska-Sowińska
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
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