CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM THE BUDS AND LEAVES OF CULTIVATED HAZELNUT
Agnieszka Najda
University of Life Sciences in LublinMagdalena Gantner
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
Essential oils are the volatile, aromatic oils obtained by steam or hydro distillation of botanical material. Different parts of the plants can be used to obtain essential oils, including the flowers, leaves, seeds, roots, stems, bark, wood, etc. There are many ways in which these aroma substances can be used in our life, but more importantly benefits are therapeutic properties of the oils. Distillation of buds and leaves of hazelnut (Corylus L.) grown in Poland revealed the presence of essential oils at efficiencies of 0.49% and 1.01%, respectively. The profile of physicochemical properties of achieved oils was determined, i.e.: density d20 (g . ml), refractive index, and optical rotation. The GC/MS analysis allowed for detecting 43 compounds in buds, among which 35 were identified, as well as 42 compounds in leaves, including 37 identified ones. Hydrocarbons and monoterpene alcohols were the main components of examined essential oils. Following compounds dominated in the oil made from hazel buds: nerol (20.6%), myrtenol (19.5%), α-campholenol (4.7%), and p-cymene (3.7%), while hazel leaves contained prevailing amounts of: nerol (13.0%), myrtenol (9.4%), α-campholenol (9.0%), menthol (6.7%), geraniol (4.8%), and limonene (3.9%). The qualitative differences between constituents of
essential oils made of both studied materials were found.
Keywords:
Corylus L., aroma substances, monoterpenes, GC/MS, anatomical partsReferences
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Wiszniewska E., 1981. Leszczyna pospolita. Wiad. Zielar., 4, 8–9.
Wolski T., Najda A., Hołderna-Kedzia E., 2004. Zwartość i skład olejków eterycznych oraz ekstraktów otrzymanych z owoców niektórych roślin z rodziny Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) wraz ze wstępną oceną przeciwbakteryjną ekstraktów. Post. Fitoterapii 3, 119–125. p-ISSN 1509-8699, e-ISSN 1731-2477.
Wolski T., Najda A., 2004. Surowce olejkowe ich właściwości i zastosowanie. Cz. III. Arcydzięgiel lekarski (Archangelica officinalis Hoffm.), lubczyk ogrodowy (Levisticum officinalis Koch.) oraz seler naciowy (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce Mill./ Pers.) jako olejkowe surowce przyprawowe i lecznicze. Aromaterapia, 4 (37), 13–21. ISSN 1234–7019.
Wolski T., Najda A., Ludwiczuk A., Dyduch J., 2002. Umbelliferae family plants (Apiaceae) as oil and coumarin materials. Part I. The content and composition of essential oils obtained from the fruits of angelica (Archangelica officinalis Hoffm.). Umbelliferae Improvement Newsletter, Madison USA, 11, 4–7.
Yurttas H.C., Schafer H.W., Warthesen J.J., 2000. Antioxidant activity of nontocopherol hazelnut (Corylus spp.) phenolics. J. Food Sci., 65, 276–280.
Zdyb H., 2003. Leszczyna. PWRiL, Warszawa.
Amaral J.S., Ferreres F., Andrade P.B., Valentāo P., Pinheiro C., Santos A., 2005. Phenolic of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) leaves cultivars grown in Portugal. Natural Product Res., 19, 157–163.
Buhagaiar J.A., Podesta M.T., Wilson A.P., Micallef M.J., Ali S., 1999. The induction of apoptosis in human melanoma, breast and ovarian cancer cell lines using an essential oil extract from the conifer Tetraclinis articulata. Anticancer Research, 19 (6B), 5435–43.
Collins C.T., Lyne P.M., 1985. Micrbiological Methods. 5th ed, (pp 167–181), Butterworth and Co Pub Ltd, London and Toronto.
Crowell P.L., Lin S., Vedej E., Gould M.N., 1992. Identification of metabolites and of the antitumor agent d-limonene capable of inhibiting protein isoprenylation and cell growth. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 31, 205–212.
da Silva M.H.L., Andrade E.H.A., Maia J.G.S., 2005. The essential oil of Pectis elongata Kunth occurring in north Brazil. Flavour Fragr. J., 20, 462–464.
Dyduch J., Najda A., 2004. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil from the seeds of Daucus carota L. ssp. carota and Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus. Umbelliferae Improvement Newsletter, Madison USA, 14, 7–11.
Dyduch J., Najda A., Wolski T., Kwiatkowski S., 2003. Fruits of lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) as medicinal and seasoning plant. Part. I. The comparison of the methods of determination of the content and composition of essential oil (OE) in the fruits of lovage. Folia Hortic., 15(1), 141–148.
Edris A., 2007. Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Potentials of Essential Oils and Their Individual Volatile Constituents: Review. Phytother. Res., 21, 308–323.
El-Sawi S.A., Motawae H.M., Ali A.M., 2007. Chemical composition, cytotoxic activity and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of leaves and berries of Juniperus phoenicea L. grown in Egypt. Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 4 (4), 417–426.
Feng W., Zheng X., 2007. Essential oils to control Alternaria alternata in vitro and in vivo. Food Control, 18, 1126–1130.
Joulain D., König W.A., 1998. The atlas of spectral data of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. E. B. – Verlag, Hamburg.
Kornsteiner M., Wagner K.H., Elmadfa I. 2006. Tocopherols and total phenolics in 10 different nuts types. Food Chem., 98, 381–387.
Ludwiczuk A., Najda A., Wolski T., Baj T., 2001. Chromatographic determination of the content and the composition of extracts and essential oils from the fruits of three stalk celery varieties (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce Mill./Pers.). J. Planar Chromatography, 14, 400–404.
Masango P., 2005. Cleaner production of essential oils by steam distillation. J. Cleaner Production, 13, 833–839.
Najda A., Dyduch J., Wolski T., 2005. Chromatographic analysis of essential oil occurring in various anatomical parts of celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce Mill./Pers.). Umbelliferae Improvement Newsletter, Madison USA, 15, 13–17.
Najda A., Wolski T., 2003. Chromatographic analysis of essential oils in the roots and fruits of lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.). Annales UMCS, sec. EEE, Horticultura 12, 45–52.
NIST/EPA/NIH. Mass Spectral Library. USA 2002.
Oliveira I., Sousa A., Valentāo P., Andrade P.B., Ferreira I.C.F.R., Ferreres F., Bento A., Seabra R., Estevinho L., Pereira J.A., 2007. Hazel (Corylus avellana L.) leaves as source of antimicrobial and antioxidative compounds. Food Chem., 105, 1018–1025.
Polish Pharmacopoeia VI. 2002. Wyd. PTFarm, Warszawa.
Rajeswara Rao B., Kaul P., Syamasundar K., Ramesh S., 2005. Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.). Industrial Crops and Products, 21, 121–127.
Sarwa A.J., 1995. Tajemnice czterystu ziół. Ofic. Wyd. KARAT, Tarnów.
Sefidkon F., Abbasi K., Jamzad Z., Ahmadi S., 2007. The effect of distillation methods and stage of plant growth on the essential oil content and composition of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad. Food Chem., 100, 1054–1058.
Setzer W.N., Setzer M.C., Moriarity D.M., Bates R.B., Haber W.A., 1999. Biological activity of the essential oil of Myrcianthes sp. “black fruit” from Monteverde, Costa Rica. Planta Medica, 65(5), 468–9.
Sękowski B., 1993. Pomologia systematyczna t. II. PWN Warszawa, 156–167.
Sharififar F., Mozaffarian V., Moradkhani S., 2007. Comparison of Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of the Essental Oils from Flowers and Fruits of Otostegia persica Boiss. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 10 (21), 3895–3899.
Sivakumar G., Bacchetta L., 2005. Determination of natural vitamin E from Italian hazelnut leaves. Chem. Nat. Comp., 41, 654–656.
Smith R., Cohen S., Doull J., Feron V., Goodman J., Marnett L., Portoghese P., Waddell W., Wagner B., Hall R., Higley N., Lucas-Gavin C., Adams T., 2005. A procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes used as ingredients in food: essential oils. Food Chem. Toxicol., 43, 345–363.
Stassi V., Verykokidou E., Loukis A., Harvala C., Philianos S., 1996. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of four Juniperus species growing wild in Greece. Flavour Fragr. J., 11, 71–74.
Vigushin D.M., Poon G.K., Boddy A., English J., Halbert G.W., Pagonis C., Jarman M., Coombes R.C., 1998. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of D-limonene in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Research Campaign Phase I/II Clinical Trials Committee. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 42(2), 111–7.
Wiszniewska E., 1981. Leszczyna pospolita. Wiad. Zielar., 4, 8–9.
Wolski T., Najda A., Hołderna-Kedzia E., 2004. Zwartość i skład olejków eterycznych oraz ekstraktów otrzymanych z owoców niektórych roślin z rodziny Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) wraz ze wstępną oceną przeciwbakteryjną ekstraktów. Post. Fitoterapii 3, 119–125. p-ISSN 1509-8699, e-ISSN 1731-2477.
Wolski T., Najda A., 2004. Surowce olejkowe ich właściwości i zastosowanie. Cz. III. Arcydzięgiel lekarski (Archangelica officinalis Hoffm.), lubczyk ogrodowy (Levisticum officinalis Koch.) oraz seler naciowy (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce Mill./ Pers.) jako olejkowe surowce przyprawowe i lecznicze. Aromaterapia, 4 (37), 13–21. ISSN 1234–7019.
Wolski T., Najda A., Ludwiczuk A., Dyduch J., 2002. Umbelliferae family plants (Apiaceae) as oil and coumarin materials. Part I. The content and composition of essential oils obtained from the fruits of angelica (Archangelica officinalis Hoffm.). Umbelliferae Improvement Newsletter, Madison USA, 11, 4–7.
Yurttas H.C., Schafer H.W., Warthesen J.J., 2000. Antioxidant activity of nontocopherol hazelnut (Corylus spp.) phenolics. J. Food Sci., 65, 276–280.
Zdyb H., 2003. Leszczyna. PWRiL, Warszawa.
Agnieszka Najda
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Magdalena Gantner
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
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