FUNGI COLONIZING THE SOWING MATERIAL OF TURFGRASSES CONSIDERING SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CULTIVARS TO SELECTED PATHOGENS
Irena Kiecana
University of Life Sciences in LublinMałgorzata Cegiełko
University of Life Sciences in LublinElżbieta Mielniczuk
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
One of the reasons lowering the esthetic appearance of a lawn are diseases caused by fungi. Studies were conducted on the sowing material of fifteen turfgrasses belonging to five species. Samples of seeds of the studied cultivars were from the harvest of 2007 and 2008. 573 fungi isolates belonging to 28 species and non-sporulating forms were obtained as a result of the mycological analysis during the two years of the experiment. In each year of studies, the greatest number of colonies belonging to Alternaria alternata. Within the group of pathogenic fungi: Fusarium culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. solani, F. crookwellense, F. graminearum F. sporotrichioides, B. sorokiniana, D. siccans and Rhizoctonia solani were obtained. Studies on susceptibility of the seedlings of 8 cultivars of 4 grass species to infection by D. avenae No. 2, D. siccans No. 8 and B. sorokiniana No. 69 were conducted in a growth chamber. The statistical analysis of disease indexes for plants that grew in the experimental combination with artificial infection of the subsoil with above-mentioned strains as compared to the control indicated
significant differences in all studied cultivars. Strain D. siccans No. 8 proved to be the most pathogenic towards cultivar Info of perennial ryegrass (92.20), and B. sorokiniana No. 69 towards wood bluegrass Pinokio cultivar (97.75). In the experimental combination with D. avenae the mean values of disease index ranged from 12.25 (Pinia) to 84.00 (Info).
Keywords:
healthiness of seeds, pathogenicity, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Drechslera avenae, Drechslera siccans, seedlingsReferences
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Arabi M.I., Barrault G., Sarrafi A., Albertini L., 1992. Variation in the resistance of barley cultivars and in the pathogenicity of Drechslera teres f. sp. maculata and D. teres f. sp. teres isolates from France. Plant Pathol. 41, 180–186.
Burgess L., Liddell C.M., Summerell B.A., 1988. Laboratory Manual for Fusarium Research. Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Entomology the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. ISBN 0-949269-556-5, pp. 156.
Carmona M. A., Zweegman J., Reis E. M., 2004. Detection and transmission of Drechslera avenae from oat seed. Fitopathol. Bras. 29 (3), 319–321.
Cegiełko M., 2006. Badanie szczepów Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. i Drechslera avenae (Eidam) Scharif oraz podatności genotypów owsa (Avena sativa L.) na te czynniki chorobotwórcze. Rozpr. doktorska.
Cegiełko M., 2008. Pathogenicity of Drechslera avenae (Eidam) Scharif to selected oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.). EJPAU, Agronomy, 11 (2), 5, www.ejpau.media.pl.
Cegiełko M., Kiecana I., Kachlicki P., Wakuliński W., 2011. Pathogenicity of Drechslera avenae for leaves of selected oat genotypes and its ability to produce anthraquinone compounds. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 10 (2), 11–22.
Clarke R.G., Eagling D.R., 1994. Effect of pathogens on perennial pasture grasses. New Zeland J. Agric. Res., 37, 319–327.
Czembor E., 2002. Brunatna plamistość wiechliny łąkowej Drechslera poae (Baudys) Shoemaker. Część I. Taksonomia, występowanie, biologia i znaczenie gospodarcze. Biul. IHAR, 223/224, 213–236.
Domsch K.H., Gams W., Anderson T.H., 1980. Compendium of soil fungi. Academic Press London, New York, Toronto, Sydney, San Francisco. Acad. Press, pp. 859.
Ellis M.B., 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. ISBN 85198-027-9, pp. 608.
Frank J.A., Christ B. J., 1988. Rate limiting resistance to Pyrenophora leaf blotch in spring oats. Phytopathol. 78 (7), 957– 60.
Gacek E., 1979. Badania nad odpornością jęczmienia na plamistość siatkową powodowaną przez Pyrenophora teres (Died.) Drechsl. Hod. Rośl. Aklim. Nasien. 23 (2), 73–83.
Gołębniak B., 2001. The response of meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass and italian ryegrass to infection by Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. graminearum. J. Plant Protect. Res., 41 (4), 395–401.
Han Q.M., Huang L., Buchenauer H., Wang H., M., Kand Z.S., 2010. Cytological study of wheat spike infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana. J. Phytopathology 158 (1), 22–29.
Hanlin R.T., 1992. Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes. The American Phytopathological Society St. Paul, Minnesota. ISBN 0-89054-107-8, pp. 263.
Kastanias M.A., Chrysayi-Tokousbalides M., 1999. Comparative phytotoxicity of pyrenophorin and pyrenophorol isolated from a Drechslera avenae pathotype. Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an International Conference, Brighton, UK, 15–18 November 1999, 2, 581–582.
Kiecana I., Kocyłak E., 1999. Pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. on oats seedlings (Avena sativa L.). Plant Breed. Seed Sci. 43 (1), 91–99.
Kiecana I., Mielniczuk E., 2001. Występowanie Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc., Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. oraz Fusarium crookwellense Burgess, Nelson, Toussoun na rodach hodowlanych owsa (Avena sativa L.). Acta Agrobot. 54 (1), 83–93.
Kiecana I., Cegiełko M., 2007. Pathogenicity of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. to selected oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes. Plant Breed. Seed Sci. 56, 31–45.
Kiecana I., Mielniczuk E., 2010. Fungi infected the Zinnia elegans Jacq. concerning susceptibility of cultivars to selected pathogens. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 9 (3), 147–160.
Krupinsky J.M., Berdahl M., 2000. Selecting resistance to Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium graminearum in intermediate wheatgrass. Plant Dis. 84, 1299–1302.
Kućmierz J., Gorajczyk S., 1991. Mycoflora of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grains. Phytopath. Pol. 1, XIII, 58–81.
Kutrzeba M., 1994. Występowanie grzybów patogenicznych na gatunkach traw z rodzaju Festuca Huds. Biul. IHAR 192, 113–121.
Kwaśna H., 1995. Ecology, taxonomy and nomenclature of Helminthosporia. History and actual situation. W: Chełkowski J. Helminthosporia metabolites, biology, plant diseases Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum. 27–61.
Leslie J.F., Summerell B.A., 2006. The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Professional Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA. ISBN 0813819199, pp. 388.
Logrieco A., Bottalico A., Mulé G., Moretti A., Perrone G., 2003. Epidemiology of toxigenic fungi and their associated mycotoxins for some Mediterranean crops. European J. Plant Pathol. 109, 645–667.
Łacicowa B., 1969. Metoda loboratoryjna szybkiej oceny odporności jęczmienia jarego na Helminthosporium sativum P.K.B. Biul. IHAR, 3–4, 61–62.
Łacicowa B., Kiecana I., Pięta D., 1991/1992. Mikoflora nasion Bellis perennis i Celosia cristata. Acta Mycologica XXVII, 1, 41–48.
Mańka M. 1989. Patogeniczność wybranych gatunków z rodzaju Fusarium dla siewek zbóż. Rocz. AR Pozn., Rozpr. Nauk. ISBN 0208-8436, pp. 64.
Mehta Y.R. 2001. Molecular and pathogenetic variability of Drechslera isolates from oats. Fitopatol. Bras. 26 (3), 590–596.
Mielniczuk E., Kiecana I., Cegiełko M., Werwińska K., 2010. Grzyby zasiedlające materiał siewny owsa (Avena sativa L.). Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 556, 879–890.
Mishra C.B.P., Behr. L., 1976. Der Einfluss von Kulturfiltraten von Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc., Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. und Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces.
Griphosphaeria nivalis Müller et Arx auf die Keimung des Weixen. Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanz. 12 (6), 373–377.
Nakajima H., Toratsu Y., Fujii Y., Ichinoe M., Hamasaki T., 1998. Biosynthesis of sorokinianin a phytotoxin of Bipolaris sorokiniana: evidence of mixed origin from the sesquiterpene and TCA pathways. Tetrahedron Letters 39, 1013–1016.
Nelson P. E., Toussoun T. A., Marasas W. H. O., 1983. Fusarium species. An illustrated manual for identification. The Pensylvania State University. Press University Park and London. ISBN 0-271-00349-9, pp. 193.
Obst A., 1995. Seedling blight and leaf spot of oats caused by Drechslera avenae. W: Chełkowski J. (ed.), Helminthosporia metabolites, biology, plant diseases Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum. IGR PAN Poznań, 1995, 161–174.
Paul V. H., 1995. Grass diseases caused by Drechslera spp. W: Chełkowski J. (ed.), Helminthosporia metabolites, biology, plant diseasas, Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum. IGR PAN Poznań, 1995, 175–186.
Pląskowska E., Wolski K., Moszczyńska E., Kaczmarek J., 2006. Study of the healthiness of species and cultivars of turfgrass and their mixtures for football pitches. Zesz. Nauk. UP we Wrocławiu. Rolnictwo 88, 545, 211–219.
Pereyra S.A., Dill-Macky R., 2008. Colonization of the residues of diverse plant species by Gibberella zeae and their contribution to Fusarium head blight inoculum. Plant Dis. 92 (5), 800–807.
Prates L.G., Fernandes J.M.C., 2001. Evaluating expansion rate of lesions of Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat. Fitopatol. Bras. 26, 2, 185–191.
Pratt R.G., 2006. Frequency and pathogenicity of Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes on annual ryegrass overseeded on bermudagrass in Mississippi. Plant Disease 90 (8), 1085–1090.
Prończuk M., 2000. Choroby traw – występowanie i szkodliwość w uprawie na nasiona i użytkowaniu trawnikowym. Monografie i Rozpr. Nauk. IHAR Radzików. ISBN 83-900965-8-7, pp. 183.
Ramirez C., 1982. Manual and atlas of the Penicillia. Elsevier Biomedical Press., Oxford. ISBN 0-444-80369-6, pp. 874.
Skirgiełło A., Zadara M., Ławrynowicz M., 1979. Grzyby (Mycota), Tom X, Glonowce (Phycomycetes), Pleśniakowe (Mucorales), Kłębiankowe (Endogonales). PWN, Warszawa – Kraków, pp. 321.
Sugawara F., Strobel G.A., 1986. (-) – Dihydropyrenophorin, a novel and selective phytotoxin produced by Drechslera avenae. Plant Sci. 43, 1–5.
Thom Ch., Raper K.B., 1945. A manual of the Aspergilli. Baltimore. The Williams and Wilkins Company, pp. 373.
Thomma P.H., 2003. Alternaria spp.: from general saprophyte to specific parasite. Mol. Plant Pathol. 4 (4), 225–236.
Vargas J.M., 1994. Management of turfgrass diseases. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers, ISBN 978-1566700467, pp. 294.
Wiewióra B., Prończuk M., 2000. Mikroorganizmy zasiedlające nasiona traw i ich wpływ na występowanie chorób w uprawie trawnikowej. Biul. IHAR 214, 269–284.
Wiewióra B., Prończuk M., 2002. Rhizoctonia solani and other fungi detected in perennial ryegrass seeds after harvest and storage. Phytopathol. Pol. 26, 19–27.
Żuk B., 1989. Biometria stosowana PWN, Warszawa, pp. 422.
Arabi M.I., Barrault G., Sarrafi A., Albertini L., 1992. Variation in the resistance of barley cultivars and in the pathogenicity of Drechslera teres f. sp. maculata and D. teres f. sp. teres isolates from France. Plant Pathol. 41, 180–186.
Burgess L., Liddell C.M., Summerell B.A., 1988. Laboratory Manual for Fusarium Research. Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Entomology the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. ISBN 0-949269-556-5, pp. 156.
Carmona M. A., Zweegman J., Reis E. M., 2004. Detection and transmission of Drechslera avenae from oat seed. Fitopathol. Bras. 29 (3), 319–321.
Cegiełko M., 2006. Badanie szczepów Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. i Drechslera avenae (Eidam) Scharif oraz podatności genotypów owsa (Avena sativa L.) na te czynniki chorobotwórcze. Rozpr. doktorska.
Cegiełko M., 2008. Pathogenicity of Drechslera avenae (Eidam) Scharif to selected oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.). EJPAU, Agronomy, 11 (2), 5, www.ejpau.media.pl.
Cegiełko M., Kiecana I., Kachlicki P., Wakuliński W., 2011. Pathogenicity of Drechslera avenae for leaves of selected oat genotypes and its ability to produce anthraquinone compounds. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 10 (2), 11–22.
Clarke R.G., Eagling D.R., 1994. Effect of pathogens on perennial pasture grasses. New Zeland J. Agric. Res., 37, 319–327.
Czembor E., 2002. Brunatna plamistość wiechliny łąkowej Drechslera poae (Baudys) Shoemaker. Część I. Taksonomia, występowanie, biologia i znaczenie gospodarcze. Biul. IHAR, 223/224, 213–236.
Domsch K.H., Gams W., Anderson T.H., 1980. Compendium of soil fungi. Academic Press London, New York, Toronto, Sydney, San Francisco. Acad. Press, pp. 859.
Ellis M.B., 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. ISBN 85198-027-9, pp. 608.
Frank J.A., Christ B. J., 1988. Rate limiting resistance to Pyrenophora leaf blotch in spring oats. Phytopathol. 78 (7), 957– 60.
Gacek E., 1979. Badania nad odpornością jęczmienia na plamistość siatkową powodowaną przez Pyrenophora teres (Died.) Drechsl. Hod. Rośl. Aklim. Nasien. 23 (2), 73–83.
Gołębniak B., 2001. The response of meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass and italian ryegrass to infection by Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. graminearum. J. Plant Protect. Res., 41 (4), 395–401.
Han Q.M., Huang L., Buchenauer H., Wang H., M., Kand Z.S., 2010. Cytological study of wheat spike infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana. J. Phytopathology 158 (1), 22–29.
Hanlin R.T., 1992. Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes. The American Phytopathological Society St. Paul, Minnesota. ISBN 0-89054-107-8, pp. 263.
Kastanias M.A., Chrysayi-Tokousbalides M., 1999. Comparative phytotoxicity of pyrenophorin and pyrenophorol isolated from a Drechslera avenae pathotype. Brighton crop protection conference: weeds. Proceedings of an International Conference, Brighton, UK, 15–18 November 1999, 2, 581–582.
Kiecana I., Kocyłak E., 1999. Pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. on oats seedlings (Avena sativa L.). Plant Breed. Seed Sci. 43 (1), 91–99.
Kiecana I., Mielniczuk E., 2001. Występowanie Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc., Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. oraz Fusarium crookwellense Burgess, Nelson, Toussoun na rodach hodowlanych owsa (Avena sativa L.). Acta Agrobot. 54 (1), 83–93.
Kiecana I., Cegiełko M., 2007. Pathogenicity of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. to selected oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes. Plant Breed. Seed Sci. 56, 31–45.
Kiecana I., Mielniczuk E., 2010. Fungi infected the Zinnia elegans Jacq. concerning susceptibility of cultivars to selected pathogens. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 9 (3), 147–160.
Krupinsky J.M., Berdahl M., 2000. Selecting resistance to Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium graminearum in intermediate wheatgrass. Plant Dis. 84, 1299–1302.
Kućmierz J., Gorajczyk S., 1991. Mycoflora of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grains. Phytopath. Pol. 1, XIII, 58–81.
Kutrzeba M., 1994. Występowanie grzybów patogenicznych na gatunkach traw z rodzaju Festuca Huds. Biul. IHAR 192, 113–121.
Kwaśna H., 1995. Ecology, taxonomy and nomenclature of Helminthosporia. History and actual situation. W: Chełkowski J. Helminthosporia metabolites, biology, plant diseases Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum. 27–61.
Leslie J.F., Summerell B.A., 2006. The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Professional Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA. ISBN 0813819199, pp. 388.
Logrieco A., Bottalico A., Mulé G., Moretti A., Perrone G., 2003. Epidemiology of toxigenic fungi and their associated mycotoxins for some Mediterranean crops. European J. Plant Pathol. 109, 645–667.
Łacicowa B., 1969. Metoda loboratoryjna szybkiej oceny odporności jęczmienia jarego na Helminthosporium sativum P.K.B. Biul. IHAR, 3–4, 61–62.
Łacicowa B., Kiecana I., Pięta D., 1991/1992. Mikoflora nasion Bellis perennis i Celosia cristata. Acta Mycologica XXVII, 1, 41–48.
Mańka M. 1989. Patogeniczność wybranych gatunków z rodzaju Fusarium dla siewek zbóż. Rocz. AR Pozn., Rozpr. Nauk. ISBN 0208-8436, pp. 64.
Mehta Y.R. 2001. Molecular and pathogenetic variability of Drechslera isolates from oats. Fitopatol. Bras. 26 (3), 590–596.
Mielniczuk E., Kiecana I., Cegiełko M., Werwińska K., 2010. Grzyby zasiedlające materiał siewny owsa (Avena sativa L.). Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 556, 879–890.
Mishra C.B.P., Behr. L., 1976. Der Einfluss von Kulturfiltraten von Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc., Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. und Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces.
Griphosphaeria nivalis Müller et Arx auf die Keimung des Weixen. Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanz. 12 (6), 373–377.
Nakajima H., Toratsu Y., Fujii Y., Ichinoe M., Hamasaki T., 1998. Biosynthesis of sorokinianin a phytotoxin of Bipolaris sorokiniana: evidence of mixed origin from the sesquiterpene and TCA pathways. Tetrahedron Letters 39, 1013–1016.
Nelson P. E., Toussoun T. A., Marasas W. H. O., 1983. Fusarium species. An illustrated manual for identification. The Pensylvania State University. Press University Park and London. ISBN 0-271-00349-9, pp. 193.
Obst A., 1995. Seedling blight and leaf spot of oats caused by Drechslera avenae. W: Chełkowski J. (ed.), Helminthosporia metabolites, biology, plant diseases Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum. IGR PAN Poznań, 1995, 161–174.
Paul V. H., 1995. Grass diseases caused by Drechslera spp. W: Chełkowski J. (ed.), Helminthosporia metabolites, biology, plant diseasas, Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum. IGR PAN Poznań, 1995, 175–186.
Pląskowska E., Wolski K., Moszczyńska E., Kaczmarek J., 2006. Study of the healthiness of species and cultivars of turfgrass and their mixtures for football pitches. Zesz. Nauk. UP we Wrocławiu. Rolnictwo 88, 545, 211–219.
Pereyra S.A., Dill-Macky R., 2008. Colonization of the residues of diverse plant species by Gibberella zeae and their contribution to Fusarium head blight inoculum. Plant Dis. 92 (5), 800–807.
Prates L.G., Fernandes J.M.C., 2001. Evaluating expansion rate of lesions of Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat. Fitopatol. Bras. 26, 2, 185–191.
Pratt R.G., 2006. Frequency and pathogenicity of Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes on annual ryegrass overseeded on bermudagrass in Mississippi. Plant Disease 90 (8), 1085–1090.
Prończuk M., 2000. Choroby traw – występowanie i szkodliwość w uprawie na nasiona i użytkowaniu trawnikowym. Monografie i Rozpr. Nauk. IHAR Radzików. ISBN 83-900965-8-7, pp. 183.
Ramirez C., 1982. Manual and atlas of the Penicillia. Elsevier Biomedical Press., Oxford. ISBN 0-444-80369-6, pp. 874.
Skirgiełło A., Zadara M., Ławrynowicz M., 1979. Grzyby (Mycota), Tom X, Glonowce (Phycomycetes), Pleśniakowe (Mucorales), Kłębiankowe (Endogonales). PWN, Warszawa – Kraków, pp. 321.
Sugawara F., Strobel G.A., 1986. (-) – Dihydropyrenophorin, a novel and selective phytotoxin produced by Drechslera avenae. Plant Sci. 43, 1–5.
Thom Ch., Raper K.B., 1945. A manual of the Aspergilli. Baltimore. The Williams and Wilkins Company, pp. 373.
Thomma P.H., 2003. Alternaria spp.: from general saprophyte to specific parasite. Mol. Plant Pathol. 4 (4), 225–236.
Vargas J.M., 1994. Management of turfgrass diseases. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers, ISBN 978-1566700467, pp. 294.
Wiewióra B., Prończuk M., 2000. Mikroorganizmy zasiedlające nasiona traw i ich wpływ na występowanie chorób w uprawie trawnikowej. Biul. IHAR 214, 269–284.
Wiewióra B., Prończuk M., 2002. Rhizoctonia solani and other fungi detected in perennial ryegrass seeds after harvest and storage. Phytopathol. Pol. 26, 19–27.
Żuk B., 1989. Biometria stosowana PWN, Warszawa, pp. 422.
Irena Kiecana
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Małgorzata Cegiełko
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Elżbieta Mielniczuk
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
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