YIELDING AND HEALTHINESS OF PEA CV. ‘SZEŚCIOTYGODNIOWY TOR’ AFTER APPLYING BIOTECHNICAL PREPARATIONS
Elżbieta Patkowska
University of Life Sciences in LublinMarcela Krawiec
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
One of the method of plant protection, including the protection of pea, from phytopathogens is the biological one, especially applied in ecological cultivations. The effectiveness of biotechnical preparations such as Biosept 33 SL, Grevit 200 SL, Biochikol 020 PC, Bioczos BR and a fungicide Miedzian 50 WP in the protection of pea cv. ʻSześciotygodniowy TOR’ from pathogenic fungi was studied. The greatest number of not infected plants was obtained after the application of Biosept 33 SL, Miedzian 50 WP and Grevit 200 SL. The highest yield was gathered from pea plants after the application of Biosept 33 SL and Grevit 200 SL. Plants in the combinations with Biochikol 020 PC and Bioczos BR were characterized by good yielding. It was obtained from infected pea seeds and plants of two stage 24–26 species of fungi from 13–17 genera. Among them most often occurred the following species: Alternaria alternata, Boeremia exigua, Fusarium culmorum,
F. oxysporum, Gibberella avenacea, Haematonectria haematococca, Peyronellaea pinodes, Pythium irregulare and Thanatephorus cucumeris. Biosept 33 SL and Grevit 200 SL were most effective in improving the healthiness and yielding of the studied cultivar of pea.
Keywords:
Pisum sativum, biological control, mycological analysis, soil-borne fungiReferences
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Barnett, H. L. (1960). Ilustrated genera of inperfect fungi. Minneapolis.
Bogale, M., Steenkamp, E.T., Wingfield, M.J., Wingfield, B.D. (2009). Diverse Fusarium solani isolates colonise agricultural environments in Ethiopia. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 124, 369–378.
Booth, G. (1971). The genus Fusarium. Mycol. Papers. CYM. England.
Caccioni, D.R.L., Guizzardi, M., Biondi, D.M., Renda, A., Ruberto, G. (1998). Relationship between volatile components of citrus fruit essential oils and antimicrobial action on Penicillium oligitatum and Penicillium italicum. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 43, 73–79.
De Vries, A.G. (1952). Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Cladosporium Link ex Fr. Baarn Hitgeverij & Drukkeryij, Holandia.
Domsch, K.H., Gams, W. (1970). Pilze aus Agroboden. G. Fischer, Verlag, Stuttgart.
Elllis, M.B. (1976). More Dematiaceous Hyphmycetes. Como. Mycol. Inst. Kew, Surr., England.
Gillman, J.C. (1957). A manual of soil fungi. The Iowa State Coll. Press, USA.
Kędzia, A. (2001). Działanie Citroseptu na bakterie beztlenowe występujące w zakażeniach górnych dróg oddechowych. Wiad. Ziel., 3, 20–21.
Kućmierz, J., Nawrocki, J., Klata, E., Stadnik, U. (2010). Skuteczność kilku preparatów biotechnicznych w zwalczaniu Rhizoctonia solani Kühn i Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Zesz. Prob. Postęp. Nauk Rol., 554, 71–76.
Kurzawińska, H., Mazur, S. (2008). The effect of chitosan and Pythium oligandrum used in protection of potato tubers against late blight and soft rot. Prog. Chem. Appl. Chitin Deriv., 13, 117–123.
Kurzawińska, H., Mazur, S. (2009). The evaluation of Pythium oligandrum and chitosan in control of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato plants. Folia Hortic., 21/2, 13–23.
Marcinkowska, J. (2008). Fungi occurrence on seeds of field pea. Acta Mycol., 43(2), 77–89.
Marinelli, E., Orzali, L., Lotti, E., Riccioni, L. (2012). Activity of some essential oils against pathogenic seed borne fungi on Legumes. Asian J. Plant Pathol., 6, 66–74.
Martyniuk, S. (2012). Factors affecting the use of microbial biopesticides in plant protection. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 52(4), 957–962.
Mazur, S., Nawrocki, J., Kunicki, E. (2013). Biologiczna ocena Polyversum WP stosowanego do ochrony cebuli przed różową zgnilizną korzeni (Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Horenz, Walker et Larson. Episteme, 20/2013, 465–471.
Mohamed, H.A.A., Wafaa, M.H., Attallah, A.G. (2010). Genetic enhancement of Trichoderma viride to overproduce different hydrolytic enzymes and their biocontrol potentiality against root rot and white mold diseases in bean plants. Agric. Biol. J. North America, 1, 3, 273–284.
Muhammad, A., Tronsmo, A., Edel-Hermann, V., Hjeljord, L.G., Heraud, C., Steinberg, C. (2010). Characterization of field isolates of Trichoderma antagonistic against Rhizoctonia solani. Fungal Biol., 114, 9, 691–701.
Lee, Y.S., Kim, Y.H., Kim, S.B. (2005). Changes in the respiration, growth, and vitamin C content of soybean sprouts in response to chitosan of different molecular weight. Hortic. Sci., 40, 1333–1335.
Leslie, J.F., Summerell, B.A. (2006). The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Profesional Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Marcinkowska, J. (2003). Oznaczanie rodzajów grzybów ważnych w patologii roślin. Fundacja „Rozwój SGGW”, Warszawa.
Orlikowski, L.B., Skrzypczak, Cz. (2003). Biocides in the control of soil-borne and leaf pathogens. Hortic. Veget. Grow., 22, 426–433.
Patkowska, E. (2009a). Effect of bio-products on bean yield and bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. Polish J. Environ. Stud., 18(2), 255–263.
Patkowska, E. (2009b). Effect of chitosan and Zaprawa Oxafun T on the healthiness and communities of rhizosphere microorganisms of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). Ecolog. Chem. Eng. S, 16(2), 163–174.
Patkowska, E. (2010). Use of chemical dressing and post-culture liquids of antagonistic bacteria in the protection of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). Ecolog. Chem. Eng. A, 17(9), 1153–1160.
Patkowska, E. (2013). Preparaty biotechniczne stosowane w ochronie grochu (Pisum sativum L.). Episteme, 20/2013, 155–162.
Patkowska, E. (2014). Effect of Miedzian 50 WP and grapefruit extract on the healthiness and communities of soil microorganisms of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 13(3), 23–33.
Patkowska, E., Błażewicz-Woźniak, M. (2013). May the post-culture liquids of bacteria influence on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] healthiness? Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12(3), 171–182.
Patkowska, E., Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., Konopiński, M. (2015). Antagonistic activity of selected fungi occurring in the soil after root chicory cultivation. Plant Soil Environ., 61, 2, 55–59.
Patkowska, E., Konopiński, M. (2011). Cover crops and soil-borne fungi dangerous towards the cultivation of salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius var. sativus (Gaterau) Br.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 10(2), 167–181.
Patkowska, E., Konopiński, M. (2013). Fungi threatening scorzonera (Scorzonera Hispanica L.) cultivation using plant mulches. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12(6), 215–225.
Patkowska, E., Konopiński, M. (2014). Antagonistic activity of selected bacteria and fungi inhabiting the soil environment of salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius var. sativus (Gaterau) Br.) cultivated after cover crops. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 13(4), 33–48.
Pięta, D., Pastucha, A., Patkowska, E. (2007). A possibility of using grapefruit extract, chitosan and Pythium oligandrum to protect soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) from pathogens. Prog. Chem. Appl. Chitin Its Derivatives, 12, 197–203.
Pięta, D., Patkowska, E., Pastucha, A. (2004). Oddziaływanie biopreparatów na wzrost i rozwój niektórych grzybów chorobotwórczych dla roślin motylkowatych. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 3(2), 171–177.
Pięta, D., Patkowska, E., Pastucha, A. (2005). The protective effect of biopreparations applied as the dressing for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 4(2), 59–67.
Propagdee, B., Kotchadat, K., Kumsopa, A., Visarathanonth, N. (2007). The role of chitosan in protection of soybean from sudden death syndrome caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines. Bioresource Tech., 98(7), 1353–1358.
Rajeswardi, B., Kumari, K.V.S.M. (2009). Bioagents and fungicides for the management of seed and seedling diseases of soybean. Indian J. Plant Prot., 37(1/2), 127–131.
Ramirez, C. (1982). Manual and atlas of the Penicillia. Elsevier Biomed. Press. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford.
Raper, K.B., Thom, C., Fennel, D.J. (1968). A manual of the Penicillium. Hafner Publish. Co., New York.
Rifai, M.A. (1969). A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Comm. Mycol. Inst. W. Surr., England.
Ren, L., Li, G., Jiang, D. (2010). Characterization of some culture factors affecting oxalate degradation by mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans. J. Appl. Microbiol., 108(1), 173–180.
Sałata, B., Rudnicka-Jezierska, W. (1979). Grzyby (Mycota). Tom 12, PWN, Warszawa – Kraków.
Schuster, A., Schmoll, M. (2010). Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma. App. Microbiol. Biotech., 87, 3, 787–799.
Shovan, L.R., Bhuiyan, M.K.A., Begom, J.A., Pervez, Z. (2008). In vitro control of Colletotrichum dematium causing anthracnose of soybean by fungicides, plant extracts and Trichoderma harzianum. Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod., 3, 3, 10–17.
Singh, L.R., Kumar, B., Shulka, A. (2014). Management of Rhizoctonia root rot of pea (Pisum sativum L.) by integrated biological and chemical approach. Inter. J. Agric. Sci., 10, 1, 108–114.
Snowdon, A.L. (2010). A colour atlas of post-harvest dideases and discorders of friuts and vegetables. Manson Publishing Ltd, London.
Szopińska, D., Dorna, H., Tylkowska, K. (2007). The effects of grapefruit extract on germination, vigour and heath of cabbage, onion and zinnia seeds. Rocz. AR Pozn., 383, Ogrodnictwo, 41, 631–636.
Tomalak, M., Sosnowska, D., Lipa, J. (2010). Tendencje rozwoju metod biologicznych w ochronie roślin. Progr. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Rośl., 50(4), 1650–1660.
Woedtke, T., Schluter, B., Pflegel, P., Lindequist, U., Julich, W.D. (1999). Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its selection to preservative substances contained. Pharmazie, 54(6), 452–456.
Wojtkowiak-Gębarowska, E. (2006). Mechanizmy zwalczania fitopatogenów glebowych przez grzyby z rodzaju Trichoderma. Post. Mikrobiol., 45(4), 261–273.
Ye, Li-min, Xu, Fen-fen, Xiong, Zhen-huan, Wu, Gao-yan (2009). Effect of chitosan treatment on the yield, quality and diseases of soybean. Available at:
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HBNY200907020.htm
Zhang, J.X., Xue, A.G. (2010). Biocontrol of sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of soybean using novel Bacillus subtilis strain SB24 under control conditions. Plant Pathol., 59(2), 382–391.
Barnett, H. L. (1960). Ilustrated genera of inperfect fungi. Minneapolis.
Bogale, M., Steenkamp, E.T., Wingfield, M.J., Wingfield, B.D. (2009). Diverse Fusarium solani isolates colonise agricultural environments in Ethiopia. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 124, 369–378.
Booth, G. (1971). The genus Fusarium. Mycol. Papers. CYM. England.
Caccioni, D.R.L., Guizzardi, M., Biondi, D.M., Renda, A., Ruberto, G. (1998). Relationship between volatile components of citrus fruit essential oils and antimicrobial action on Penicillium oligitatum and Penicillium italicum. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 43, 73–79.
De Vries, A.G. (1952). Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Cladosporium Link ex Fr. Baarn Hitgeverij & Drukkeryij, Holandia.
Domsch, K.H., Gams, W. (1970). Pilze aus Agroboden. G. Fischer, Verlag, Stuttgart.
Elllis, M.B. (1976). More Dematiaceous Hyphmycetes. Como. Mycol. Inst. Kew, Surr., England.
Gillman, J.C. (1957). A manual of soil fungi. The Iowa State Coll. Press, USA.
Kędzia, A. (2001). Działanie Citroseptu na bakterie beztlenowe występujące w zakażeniach górnych dróg oddechowych. Wiad. Ziel., 3, 20–21.
Kućmierz, J., Nawrocki, J., Klata, E., Stadnik, U. (2010). Skuteczność kilku preparatów biotechnicznych w zwalczaniu Rhizoctonia solani Kühn i Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Zesz. Prob. Postęp. Nauk Rol., 554, 71–76.
Kurzawińska, H., Mazur, S. (2008). The effect of chitosan and Pythium oligandrum used in protection of potato tubers against late blight and soft rot. Prog. Chem. Appl. Chitin Deriv., 13, 117–123.
Kurzawińska, H., Mazur, S. (2009). The evaluation of Pythium oligandrum and chitosan in control of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato plants. Folia Hortic., 21/2, 13–23.
Marcinkowska, J. (2008). Fungi occurrence on seeds of field pea. Acta Mycol., 43(2), 77–89.
Marinelli, E., Orzali, L., Lotti, E., Riccioni, L. (2012). Activity of some essential oils against pathogenic seed borne fungi on Legumes. Asian J. Plant Pathol., 6, 66–74.
Martyniuk, S. (2012). Factors affecting the use of microbial biopesticides in plant protection. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 52(4), 957–962.
Mazur, S., Nawrocki, J., Kunicki, E. (2013). Biologiczna ocena Polyversum WP stosowanego do ochrony cebuli przed różową zgnilizną korzeni (Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Horenz, Walker et Larson. Episteme, 20/2013, 465–471.
Mohamed, H.A.A., Wafaa, M.H., Attallah, A.G. (2010). Genetic enhancement of Trichoderma viride to overproduce different hydrolytic enzymes and their biocontrol potentiality against root rot and white mold diseases in bean plants. Agric. Biol. J. North America, 1, 3, 273–284.
Muhammad, A., Tronsmo, A., Edel-Hermann, V., Hjeljord, L.G., Heraud, C., Steinberg, C. (2010). Characterization of field isolates of Trichoderma antagonistic against Rhizoctonia solani. Fungal Biol., 114, 9, 691–701.
Lee, Y.S., Kim, Y.H., Kim, S.B. (2005). Changes in the respiration, growth, and vitamin C content of soybean sprouts in response to chitosan of different molecular weight. Hortic. Sci., 40, 1333–1335.
Leslie, J.F., Summerell, B.A. (2006). The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Profesional Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Marcinkowska, J. (2003). Oznaczanie rodzajów grzybów ważnych w patologii roślin. Fundacja „Rozwój SGGW”, Warszawa.
Orlikowski, L.B., Skrzypczak, Cz. (2003). Biocides in the control of soil-borne and leaf pathogens. Hortic. Veget. Grow., 22, 426–433.
Patkowska, E. (2009a). Effect of bio-products on bean yield and bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. Polish J. Environ. Stud., 18(2), 255–263.
Patkowska, E. (2009b). Effect of chitosan and Zaprawa Oxafun T on the healthiness and communities of rhizosphere microorganisms of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). Ecolog. Chem. Eng. S, 16(2), 163–174.
Patkowska, E. (2010). Use of chemical dressing and post-culture liquids of antagonistic bacteria in the protection of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). Ecolog. Chem. Eng. A, 17(9), 1153–1160.
Patkowska, E. (2013). Preparaty biotechniczne stosowane w ochronie grochu (Pisum sativum L.). Episteme, 20/2013, 155–162.
Patkowska, E. (2014). Effect of Miedzian 50 WP and grapefruit extract on the healthiness and communities of soil microorganisms of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 13(3), 23–33.
Patkowska, E., Błażewicz-Woźniak, M. (2013). May the post-culture liquids of bacteria influence on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] healthiness? Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12(3), 171–182.
Patkowska, E., Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., Konopiński, M. (2015). Antagonistic activity of selected fungi occurring in the soil after root chicory cultivation. Plant Soil Environ., 61, 2, 55–59.
Patkowska, E., Konopiński, M. (2011). Cover crops and soil-borne fungi dangerous towards the cultivation of salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius var. sativus (Gaterau) Br.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 10(2), 167–181.
Patkowska, E., Konopiński, M. (2013). Fungi threatening scorzonera (Scorzonera Hispanica L.) cultivation using plant mulches. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12(6), 215–225.
Patkowska, E., Konopiński, M. (2014). Antagonistic activity of selected bacteria and fungi inhabiting the soil environment of salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius var. sativus (Gaterau) Br.) cultivated after cover crops. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 13(4), 33–48.
Pięta, D., Pastucha, A., Patkowska, E. (2007). A possibility of using grapefruit extract, chitosan and Pythium oligandrum to protect soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) from pathogens. Prog. Chem. Appl. Chitin Its Derivatives, 12, 197–203.
Pięta, D., Patkowska, E., Pastucha, A. (2004). Oddziaływanie biopreparatów na wzrost i rozwój niektórych grzybów chorobotwórczych dla roślin motylkowatych. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 3(2), 171–177.
Pięta, D., Patkowska, E., Pastucha, A. (2005). The protective effect of biopreparations applied as the dressing for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 4(2), 59–67.
Propagdee, B., Kotchadat, K., Kumsopa, A., Visarathanonth, N. (2007). The role of chitosan in protection of soybean from sudden death syndrome caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines. Bioresource Tech., 98(7), 1353–1358.
Rajeswardi, B., Kumari, K.V.S.M. (2009). Bioagents and fungicides for the management of seed and seedling diseases of soybean. Indian J. Plant Prot., 37(1/2), 127–131.
Ramirez, C. (1982). Manual and atlas of the Penicillia. Elsevier Biomed. Press. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford.
Raper, K.B., Thom, C., Fennel, D.J. (1968). A manual of the Penicillium. Hafner Publish. Co., New York.
Rifai, M.A. (1969). A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Comm. Mycol. Inst. W. Surr., England.
Ren, L., Li, G., Jiang, D. (2010). Characterization of some culture factors affecting oxalate degradation by mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans. J. Appl. Microbiol., 108(1), 173–180.
Sałata, B., Rudnicka-Jezierska, W. (1979). Grzyby (Mycota). Tom 12, PWN, Warszawa – Kraków.
Schuster, A., Schmoll, M. (2010). Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma. App. Microbiol. Biotech., 87, 3, 787–799.
Shovan, L.R., Bhuiyan, M.K.A., Begom, J.A., Pervez, Z. (2008). In vitro control of Colletotrichum dematium causing anthracnose of soybean by fungicides, plant extracts and Trichoderma harzianum. Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod., 3, 3, 10–17.
Singh, L.R., Kumar, B., Shulka, A. (2014). Management of Rhizoctonia root rot of pea (Pisum sativum L.) by integrated biological and chemical approach. Inter. J. Agric. Sci., 10, 1, 108–114.
Snowdon, A.L. (2010). A colour atlas of post-harvest dideases and discorders of friuts and vegetables. Manson Publishing Ltd, London.
Szopińska, D., Dorna, H., Tylkowska, K. (2007). The effects of grapefruit extract on germination, vigour and heath of cabbage, onion and zinnia seeds. Rocz. AR Pozn., 383, Ogrodnictwo, 41, 631–636.
Tomalak, M., Sosnowska, D., Lipa, J. (2010). Tendencje rozwoju metod biologicznych w ochronie roślin. Progr. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Rośl., 50(4), 1650–1660.
Woedtke, T., Schluter, B., Pflegel, P., Lindequist, U., Julich, W.D. (1999). Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its selection to preservative substances contained. Pharmazie, 54(6), 452–456.
Wojtkowiak-Gębarowska, E. (2006). Mechanizmy zwalczania fitopatogenów glebowych przez grzyby z rodzaju Trichoderma. Post. Mikrobiol., 45(4), 261–273.
Ye, Li-min, Xu, Fen-fen, Xiong, Zhen-huan, Wu, Gao-yan (2009). Effect of chitosan treatment on the yield, quality and diseases of soybean. Available at:
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HBNY200907020.htm
Zhang, J.X., Xue, A.G. (2010). Biocontrol of sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of soybean using novel Bacillus subtilis strain SB24 under control conditions. Plant Pathol., 59(2), 382–391.
Elżbieta Patkowska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Marcela Krawiec
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
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