EFFECTS OF HAIL NETS ON ORCHARD LIGHT MICROCLIMATE, APPLE TREE GROWTH, FRUITING AND FRUIT QUALITY
Waldemar Treder
Research Institute of HorticultureAugustyn Mika
Research Institute of HorticultureZbigniew Buler
Research Institute of HorticultureKrzysztof Klamkowski
Research Institute of HorticultureAbstract
Hail nets are necessary protection in some fruit growing regions. Several trials showed that the net color may influence tree growth and fruiting. The influence of hail nets on orchard light microclimate, growth, flowering and fruiting of apple trees was ex-amined in field experiment in the years 2004–2010. ‘Šampion’ and ‘Rubinstar’ apple trees grafted on M.9, were planted in spring 2004. After planting, half of the experimental plot was covered with three kinds of hail nets: white, gray and black. The other half was kept uncovered as the control. Tree growth, fruit bud formation, fruiting and fruit quality were recorded. Solar radiation was measured above and below the nets and within tree canopy. Black and gray nets stimulated tree growth and yield of ‘Šampion’ tree, but had no posi-tive influence on ‘Rubinstar’ trees. Covering the trees with gray and black nets caused poor red blush development and reduced soluble solids content in apples of both cultivars. Fruit firmness was unaffected by netting.
Keywords:
fruit firmness, TSS, hail damage, tree vigorReferences
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Bastias, R.M., Manfrini, L., Corelli Grappadelli, L. (2012). Exploring the potential use of photo-selective nets for fruit growth regulation in apple. Chilean J. Agricult. Res., 72(2), 224–231.
Blanke, M. (2014). Zebra net, titanium net, transparent net and new grey hail net. The new gener-ation of hail nets: large mesh size, stronger fibers and large portion of crystalline translucent fibers improve light transmission and durability. Acta Hortic., 1058, 321–326.
Borin, M., Saoncella, C. (2000). Anti-hail net plantings, technical and economic aspects. Inf. Agr., 56, 64–68.
Botzen, W.J.W., Bouwer, L.M., van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. (2010). Climate change and hailstorm damage: Empirical evidence and implications for agriculture and insurance. Res. En. Econ., 32, 341–362.
Buler, Z., Mika, A. (2004). Evaluation of the ‘Mikado’ tree training system versus the spindle form in apple trees. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 12, 49–60.
Buler, Z., Mika, A. (2009). The influence of canopy architecture on light interception and distri-bution in ‘Šampion’ apple trees. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 17, 45–52.
Buler, Z., Treder, W., Mika, A., Klamkowski, K. (2009). Wpływ siatek przeciwgradowych na wzrost drzew jabłoni, ich plonowanie oraz jakość owoców. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 536, 53–60.
Cain, J.C. (1971). Effects of mechanical pruning of apple hedgerows with slotting saw on light penetration and fruiting. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 96, 664–667.
Casierra-Posada, F., Ludders, P. (2001). Influence of summer pruning and nitrogen nutrition on mineral content in apple trees under hail protection net. Erwerbsobstbau, 43, 106–113.
Chen, K., Hu, G., Lenz, F. (1998). Apple yield and quality as affected by training and shading. Acta Hortic., 466, 53–58.
Flore, J.A. (1980). The effect of light on cherry trees. Ann. Rep. Mich. State Hortic. Soc., 110, 119–122.
Funke, K., Blanke, M. (2003). Can reflective ground cover compensate for light losses under hail nets? Erwerbsobstbau, 45, 137–144.
Giaccone, M., Forlani, M., Basile, B. (2012). Tree vigor, fruit yield and quality of nectarine trees grown under red photo-selective anti-hail nets in southern Italy. Acta Hortic., 962, 287–293.
Gindaba, J., Wand, S.J.E. (2005). Comparative effects of evaporative cooling, kaolin particle film and shade net on sunburn and fruit quality in apples. HortSci., 40, 592–596.
Girona, J., Behboudian, M.H., Mata, M., Del Campo, J., Marsal, J. (2012). Effect of hail nets on the microclimate, irrigation requirements, tree growth, and fruit yield of peach orchards in Catalonia (Spain). J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech., 87, 545–550.
Iglesias, J., Alegre, S. (2006). The effect of anti-hail nets on fruit protection, radiation, tempera-ture, quality and profitability of ‘Mondial Gala’ apples. J. App. Hortic., 8, 91–100.
Jackson, J.E., Palmer, J.W., Perring, M.A., Sharples, R.O. (1977). Effects of shade on the growth and cropping of apple trees. III. Effects on fruit growth, chemical composition and quality at harvest and later storage. J. Hortic. Sci., 52, 267–282.
McArtney, S., White, M., Latter, J., Campbell, J. (2004). Individual and combined effects of shading and thinning chemicals on abscission and dry-matter of ‘Royal Gala’ apple fruit. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech., 79, 441–448.
Middleton, S., McWaters, A. (2002). Hail netting of apple orchards. Australian experience. Com. Fruit Tree, 35, 51–55.
Mika, A., Buler, Z., Treder, W., Sopyła, C. (2002). Relationship between fruit distribution within ‘Jonagold’ apple canopy, fruit quality and illumination. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 10, 75–84.
Shahak, Y., Gussakovsky, E.E., Cohen, Y., Lurie, S., Stern, R., Kfir, S., Naor, A., Atzmon, J., Doron, J., Greenblat-Avron, Y. (2004). Color nets: a new approach for light manipulation in fruit trees. Acta Hortic., 636, 609–616.
Solomakhin, A., Blanke, M. (2010). Can colored hailnets improve taste (sugar, sugar: acid ratio), consumer appeal (coloration) and nutritional value (anthocyanin, vitamin C) of apple fruit? Food Sci. Tech., 43, 1277–1284.
Stampar, F., Hudina, M., Usenik, V., Sturm, K., Zadravec, P. (2001). Influence of black and white nets on photosynthesis, yield and fruit quality of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Acta Hor-tic., 557, 357–362.
Stampar, F., Veberic, R., Zadravec, P., Hudina, M., Usenik, V., Solar, A., Osterc, G. (2002). Yield and fruit quality of apples cv. ‘Jonagold’ under hail protection nets. Gartenbauwissen-schaft, 67, 205–210.
Vercammen, J. (1999). First experiences with hail nets in Belgium. Fruitteelt Nieuws, 12, 6–8.
Widmer, A. (2001). Light intensity and fruit quality under hail protection nets. Acta Hortic., 557, 421–426.
Zibordi, M., Domingos, S., Corelli-Grappadelli, L. (2009). Thinning apples by shading: an ap-praisal under field conditions. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. (ISAFRUIT special issue), 138–144.
Bastias, R.M., Manfrini, L., Corelli Grappadelli, L. (2012). Exploring the potential use of photo-selective nets for fruit growth regulation in apple. Chilean J. Agricult. Res., 72(2), 224–231.
Blanke, M. (2014). Zebra net, titanium net, transparent net and new grey hail net. The new gener-ation of hail nets: large mesh size, stronger fibers and large portion of crystalline translucent fibers improve light transmission and durability. Acta Hortic., 1058, 321–326.
Borin, M., Saoncella, C. (2000). Anti-hail net plantings, technical and economic aspects. Inf. Agr., 56, 64–68.
Botzen, W.J.W., Bouwer, L.M., van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. (2010). Climate change and hailstorm damage: Empirical evidence and implications for agriculture and insurance. Res. En. Econ., 32, 341–362.
Buler, Z., Mika, A. (2004). Evaluation of the ‘Mikado’ tree training system versus the spindle form in apple trees. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 12, 49–60.
Buler, Z., Mika, A. (2009). The influence of canopy architecture on light interception and distri-bution in ‘Šampion’ apple trees. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 17, 45–52.
Buler, Z., Treder, W., Mika, A., Klamkowski, K. (2009). Wpływ siatek przeciwgradowych na wzrost drzew jabłoni, ich plonowanie oraz jakość owoców. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 536, 53–60.
Cain, J.C. (1971). Effects of mechanical pruning of apple hedgerows with slotting saw on light penetration and fruiting. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 96, 664–667.
Casierra-Posada, F., Ludders, P. (2001). Influence of summer pruning and nitrogen nutrition on mineral content in apple trees under hail protection net. Erwerbsobstbau, 43, 106–113.
Chen, K., Hu, G., Lenz, F. (1998). Apple yield and quality as affected by training and shading. Acta Hortic., 466, 53–58.
Flore, J.A. (1980). The effect of light on cherry trees. Ann. Rep. Mich. State Hortic. Soc., 110, 119–122.
Funke, K., Blanke, M. (2003). Can reflective ground cover compensate for light losses under hail nets? Erwerbsobstbau, 45, 137–144.
Giaccone, M., Forlani, M., Basile, B. (2012). Tree vigor, fruit yield and quality of nectarine trees grown under red photo-selective anti-hail nets in southern Italy. Acta Hortic., 962, 287–293.
Gindaba, J., Wand, S.J.E. (2005). Comparative effects of evaporative cooling, kaolin particle film and shade net on sunburn and fruit quality in apples. HortSci., 40, 592–596.
Girona, J., Behboudian, M.H., Mata, M., Del Campo, J., Marsal, J. (2012). Effect of hail nets on the microclimate, irrigation requirements, tree growth, and fruit yield of peach orchards in Catalonia (Spain). J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech., 87, 545–550.
Iglesias, J., Alegre, S. (2006). The effect of anti-hail nets on fruit protection, radiation, tempera-ture, quality and profitability of ‘Mondial Gala’ apples. J. App. Hortic., 8, 91–100.
Jackson, J.E., Palmer, J.W., Perring, M.A., Sharples, R.O. (1977). Effects of shade on the growth and cropping of apple trees. III. Effects on fruit growth, chemical composition and quality at harvest and later storage. J. Hortic. Sci., 52, 267–282.
McArtney, S., White, M., Latter, J., Campbell, J. (2004). Individual and combined effects of shading and thinning chemicals on abscission and dry-matter of ‘Royal Gala’ apple fruit. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech., 79, 441–448.
Middleton, S., McWaters, A. (2002). Hail netting of apple orchards. Australian experience. Com. Fruit Tree, 35, 51–55.
Mika, A., Buler, Z., Treder, W., Sopyła, C. (2002). Relationship between fruit distribution within ‘Jonagold’ apple canopy, fruit quality and illumination. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 10, 75–84.
Shahak, Y., Gussakovsky, E.E., Cohen, Y., Lurie, S., Stern, R., Kfir, S., Naor, A., Atzmon, J., Doron, J., Greenblat-Avron, Y. (2004). Color nets: a new approach for light manipulation in fruit trees. Acta Hortic., 636, 609–616.
Solomakhin, A., Blanke, M. (2010). Can colored hailnets improve taste (sugar, sugar: acid ratio), consumer appeal (coloration) and nutritional value (anthocyanin, vitamin C) of apple fruit? Food Sci. Tech., 43, 1277–1284.
Stampar, F., Hudina, M., Usenik, V., Sturm, K., Zadravec, P. (2001). Influence of black and white nets on photosynthesis, yield and fruit quality of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Acta Hor-tic., 557, 357–362.
Stampar, F., Veberic, R., Zadravec, P., Hudina, M., Usenik, V., Solar, A., Osterc, G. (2002). Yield and fruit quality of apples cv. ‘Jonagold’ under hail protection nets. Gartenbauwissen-schaft, 67, 205–210.
Vercammen, J. (1999). First experiences with hail nets in Belgium. Fruitteelt Nieuws, 12, 6–8.
Widmer, A. (2001). Light intensity and fruit quality under hail protection nets. Acta Hortic., 557, 421–426.
Zibordi, M., Domingos, S., Corelli-Grappadelli, L. (2009). Thinning apples by shading: an ap-praisal under field conditions. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. (ISAFRUIT special issue), 138–144.
Waldemar Treder
Research Institute of Horticulture
Research Institute of Horticulture
Augustyn Mika
Research Institute of Horticulture
Research Institute of Horticulture
Zbigniew Buler
Research Institute of Horticulture
Research Institute of Horticulture
Krzysztof Klamkowski
Research Institute of Horticulture
Research Institute of Horticulture
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