PATHOGENICITY AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF THE MODE OF PENETRATION BY Phyllosticta plantaginis IN RIBWORT LEAVES
Beata Zimowska
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
Pathogenicity and ultrastructural investigation of the ribwort leaves inoculated with Phyllosticta plantaginis conidia was undertaken using scanning electron microscopy to examine the host-parasite relationship. Pathogenicity experiments demonstrated that all tested P. plantaginis isolates had infected leaves of ribwort. Of all inoculation methods, direct placement of colonized agar plugs on damaged epidermis and soaking leaves in conidial suspension were the most effective. The behavior of the conidia deposited on the leaves was investigated at different time intervals after inoculation: 7, 18, 25, 48 and 72 h. An appressorium appeared directly at the end of a short germ tube grown from conidia. Appressoria were formed over the cuticle in some distance from the stomata. Penetration through the stomata was observed.
Keywords:
Plantago lanceolata, herbs, infection process, SEMReferences
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Cohen L., Eyal Z., 1993. The histology of processes associated with the infection of resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars with Septoria tritici. Plant Pathol. 42, 737–743.
Donovan A., Issac S., Collin H.A., Veltkamp C.J., 1990. An ultrastructural study of the infection of the excised leaves of celery by Septoria apiicola, causal agent of the leaf spot disease. Mycol. Res. 94, 548–552.
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Garibaldi A., Gilardi G., Gullino M.L., 2010. First report of leaf spot caused by Phoma multirostrata on Fuchsia × hybrida in Italy. Plant Dis. 94, 3–382.
Glienke C., Pereira O., Stringari D., Fabris J., Kava-Cordeiro V., Galli-Terasowa L., Cunnington J., Shivas R., Groenewald J., Crous P.W., 2011. Endophytic and pathogenic Phyllosticta species, with reference to those associated with Citrus Black Spot. Persoonia 26, 47–56
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Höhl B., Pfautsch M., Barz W., 1990. Histology of disease development in resistant and susceptible cultivars ( Cicer arietinum L.) inoculated with spores of Ascochyta rabiei. J. Phytopathol. 129, 31–45.
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Kulik M.M., 1988. Observation by scanning electron and bright-field microscopy on the mode of penetration of soybean seedlings by Phomopsis phaseoli. Plant Dis. 72, 115–118.
Kuo K.Ch., Hoch H.C., 1995. Visualization of the extracellular matrix surrounding pycnidiospores, germlings, and appressoria of Phyllosticta ampelicida. Mycologia 87, 759–771.
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Okane I., Lumyong S., Nakagiri A., Ito T., 2003. Extensive host range of an endophytic fungus, Giugnardia endophyllicola (anamorph: Phyllosticta capitalensis). Mycoscience 44, 353–363.
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Tuzi A., Andolfi A., Cimmino A., Evidente A., 2010. X-Ray Crystal structure of phyllostin, a metabolite produced by Phyllosticta cirsii, a potential mycoherbicide of Cirsium arvense. J. Chem. Cryst. 40, 15–18.
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Wulandari N., To-anun C., Hyde K.D, Duong L., de Gruyter J., Meffert J., Groenewald J., Crous P.W., 2009. Phyllosticta citriasiana sp. nov., the cause of citrus tan spot of Citrus maxima in Asia. Fungal Divers. 34, 23–39.
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Zimowska B., 2012a. Occurrence and characterization of Phyllosticta plantaginis. J. Plant Physiol. Pathol. 1, 1. doi: 10.4172/2329-955X.1000101
Zimowska B., 2012b. Pathogenicity and ultrastructural studies of the mode of penetration by Phoma strasseri in peppermint stems and rhizomes. Pol. J. Microbiol. 61, 273–279.
Zimowska B., 2013. Diversity of fungi colonizing and damaging selected parts of ribwort (Plantago lanceolata L.). Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 12, 91–1–3.
Aa H.A. van der, Kesteren, H.A. van, 1971. The identity of Phyllosticta destructiva Desm. and similar Phoma – like fungi described on Malvaceae and Lycium hamilifolium. Acta. Bot. Neerl. 20, 552–563.
Aa H.A. van der, Vanev S., 2002. A revision of the species described in Phyllosticta. Centraalbureau Voor Scimmelcultures – Utrecht. An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 510.
Babu A.M., Kumar V., Dandin S.B., Chowdary N.B., Rajan M.V., 2008. Infection process of Colletotrichum dematium on mulberry leaves: An unusual method of sporulation. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot. 41, 290–295.
Collado J., Platas G., Peláez F., 1996. Fungal endophytes in leaves, twigs and bark of Quercus ilex from central Spain. Nova Hedwigia 63, 347–360.
Cohen L., Eyal Z., 1993. The histology of processes associated with the infection of resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars with Septoria tritici. Plant Pathol. 42, 737–743.
Donovan A., Issac S., Collin H.A., Veltkamp C.J., 1990. An ultrastructural study of the infection of the excised leaves of celery by Septoria apiicola, causal agent of the leaf spot disease. Mycol. Res. 94, 548–552.
Farr D.F., Bills G.F., Chamuris G.P., Rossman A.Y., 1995. Fungi on plant and plant products in the United States. APS Press the American Phytopatological Society. St. Paul, Minnesota USA, 1252.
Garibaldi A., Gilardi G., Gullino M.L., 2010. First report of leaf spot caused by Phoma multirostrata on Fuchsia × hybrida in Italy. Plant Dis. 94, 3–382.
Glienke C., Pereira O., Stringari D., Fabris J., Kava-Cordeiro V., Galli-Terasowa L., Cunnington J., Shivas R., Groenewald J., Crous P.W., 2011. Endophytic and pathogenic Phyllosticta species, with reference to those associated with Citrus Black Spot. Persoonia 26, 47–56
Hammond K.E, Lewis B.J, Musa T.M., 1985. A systemic pathway in the infection of oilseed rape by Leptosphaeria maculans. Plant Pathol. 34, 557–565.
Hames B.D., Hooper N.M., 2000. Biochemistry. Taylor and Francis, England, 432.
Heath M.C., Wood R.K.S., 1969. Leaf spots induced by Ascochyta pisi and Mycosphaerella pinnodes. Ann. Bot. 33, 657–670.
Höhl B., Pfautsch M., Barz W., 1990. Histology of disease development in resistant and susceptible cultivars ( Cicer arietinum L.) inoculated with spores of Ascochyta rabiei. J. Phytopathol. 129, 31–45.
Hudson H., 1987. Guignardia leaf blotch of horsechestnut. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 89, 400–401.
Kulik M.M., 1988. Observation by scanning electron and bright-field microscopy on the mode of penetration of soybean seedlings by Phomopsis phaseoli. Plant Dis. 72, 115–118.
Kuo K.Ch., Hoch H.C., 1995. Visualization of the extracellular matrix surrounding pycnidiospores, germlings, and appressoria of Phyllosticta ampelicida. Mycologia 87, 759–771.
Marcinkowska J., de Gruyter J., 1996. Phoma nigrificans (P. Karst.) Boerema et al., a new species for Poland. J. Phytopathol. 144, 53–54.
Muntanola-Cvetkovic M., 1989. Pathohistology of sunflower stems attacked by Diaporthe helianthi. Can. J. Bot., 67, 1119–1125.
Okane I., Lumyong S., Nakagiri A., Ito T., 2003. Extensive host range of an endophytic fungus, Giugnardia endophyllicola (anamorph: Phyllosticta capitalensis). Mycoscience 44, 353–363.
Roustaee A., Dechamp-Guillaume G., Gelie B., Savy C., Dargent R., Barrault G., 2000. Ultrastructural studies of the mode of penetration by Phoma macdonaldii in sunflower seedlings. Phytopathology 90, 915–920.
Saccardo P.A., 1878. Fungi veneti novi vel critici vel mycologiae venetae addendi: Series VII. Michaelia 1, 133–221.
Sock J., Hoppe, H.H, 1999. Pathogenicity of sirodesmin-deficient mutants of Phoma lingam. J. Phytopathol. 147, 169–173.
Snedecor G.W, Cochran G.W., 1982. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa, 122.
Taylor J.E, Hyde K.D., 2003. Microfungi of tropical and temperate palms. Fungal Divers. 12, 1–459.
Tuzi A., Andolfi A., Cimmino A., Evidente A., 2010. X-Ray Crystal structure of phyllostin, a metabolite produced by Phyllosticta cirsii, a potential mycoherbicide of Cirsium arvense. J. Chem. Cryst. 40, 15–18.
Wood R.K.S., 1967. Physiological plant pathology. Blackwell Sci. Public., Oxford, England, 570.
Wulandari N., To-anun C., Hyde K.D, Duong L., de Gruyter J., Meffert J., Groenewald J., Crous P.W., 2009. Phyllosticta citriasiana sp. nov., the cause of citrus tan spot of Citrus maxima in Asia. Fungal Divers. 34, 23–39.
Zimowska B., 2004. Studies on the pathogenicity of Seimatosporium hypericinum (Ces.) Sutton for the leaves, stems and seeds of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Herba Pol. 50, 145–151.
Zimowska B., 2012a. Occurrence and characterization of Phyllosticta plantaginis. J. Plant Physiol. Pathol. 1, 1. doi: 10.4172/2329-955X.1000101
Zimowska B., 2012b. Pathogenicity and ultrastructural studies of the mode of penetration by Phoma strasseri in peppermint stems and rhizomes. Pol. J. Microbiol. 61, 273–279.
Zimowska B., 2013. Diversity of fungi colonizing and damaging selected parts of ribwort (Plantago lanceolata L.). Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 12, 91–1–3.
Beata Zimowska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
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