EFFECT OF CULTIVAR AND HARVEST DATE ON THIOLS, ASCORBATE AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS CONTENT IN BLUEBERRIES
Barbara Łata
Warsaw Agricultural UniversityAleksandra Trąmpczyńska
Warsaw Agricultural UniversityAgnieszka Mike
Warsaw Agricultural UniversityAbstract
The study was carried out on two highbush blueberry cultivars: Bluecrop and Darrow in 2001 and 2002 seasons. Analyses for phytochemical contents in berries were made during commercial maturity of fruit. Concentration of anthocyanins and low molecular weight thiol compounds was significantly higher in ´Darrow´ berries in comparison to Bluecrop cv., irrespective of the harvest year. Tested cultivars did not differ in the ratio of the reduced form of glutathione in its total quantity. As opposed to this, the higher proportion of the reduced form of ascorbate in its total concentration was noted for ´Bluecrop´, but it was statistically proven only in the first year of research. A very low activity of antioxidative enzymes was noted, however on the average, considerably higher activity of glutathione reductase showed ´Darrow´, whereas ´Bluecrop´ had higher catalase activity. The ascorbate peroxidase activity was not detected in the extracts of ´Bluecrop´s’ berries. Berries of ´Darrow´, which exhibited, in general, the higher antioxidants content in the first year of the study, were harvested at two different dates in 2002: in the middle of July and at the end of August. The harvest date had a significant effect on the level of some phytochemicals. The fruit harvested in August had lower content of cysteine, glutathione, phenolics, flavonols and anthocyanins than the ones harvested in July. Ascorbate content was similar at both harvest dates. Growing season also had the influence on antioxidant properties, especially on the content of ascorbic acid.
Keywords:
Vaccinium corymbosum, cultivar, ascorbate, glutathione, phenolics, antioxidative enzyme activityReferences
Anderson J. V., Chevone B. I., Hess J.L., 1992. Seasonal variation in the antioxidant system of eastern white pine needles. Plant Physiol. 98, 501–508.
Beers R. F., Sizer I., 1952. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J. Biol. Chem. 195, 133–140.
Cao G., Sofic E., Prior R. L., 1997. Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: structure – activity relationship. Free Radicals Biol. Med. 22, 749–760.
Czeczot H., 2000. Biological activities of flavonoids. Polish J Food Nutr. Sci. 9/50, 4, 3–13.
Ehlenfeldt M. K., Prior R. L., 2001. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and phenolic and anthocyanin concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues of highbush blueberry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 2222–2227.
Foyer C. H., Halliwel B., 1976. The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplast: a proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism. Planta 133, 21–25.
Howard L.R., Clarc J.R., Brownmiller C., 2003. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content in blueberries as affected by genotype and growing season. J. Sci. Food Agric. 83, 1238–1247.
Joseph J. A., Shukit-Hale B., Denisova N. A., 1999. Reversal of age related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive and motor behavioural dificits with blueberry, spinach or strawberry dietary supplementation. J. Neurosci. 19, 8114–8812.
Kähkönen M. P., Hopia A. I., Heinomen M., 2001. Berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 4076–4082.
Kalt W., Forney C. F., Martin A., Prior R. L., 1999 a. Antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics, anthocyanin after fresh storage of small fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47, 4638–4644.
Kalt W., Mc Donald J. E.,Ricker R. D., Lu X., 1999 b. Anthocyanin content and profile within among blueberry species. Canad. J. Plant Sci. 79, 617–623.
Kalt W., Hawell A., Duy J. C., Forney C. F., Mc Donald J. E., 2001. Horticulture factors affecting antioxidant capacity of blueberries and other small fruit. Hort. Technol. 11, 4, 523–528.
Kaur C., Kapoor H.C., 2001. Antioxidants in fruits and Vegetables – The Millenium’s Health. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 36, 703–725.
Lee S.K., Kader A.A., 2000. Preharvest and postharvest facors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 20, 207–220.
Łata B., 1998. Mechanizmy chroniące roślinę przed stresem oksydacyjnym, wywołanym niekorzystnymi warunkami środowiska. Post. Nauk Roln. 6, 115–132.
Mazza G., Fukamoto L., Delaquis P., Girard B., Evert B., 1999. Anthocyanins, phenolics, and color of cabernet franc, merlot, and pinot noir wines from British Columbia. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47, 4009–4017.
Nakano Y., Asada K., 1987. Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplast, its inactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Plant Cell Physiol. 28, 131–140.
Newton G.L., Dorian R., Fahey R.C., 1987. Analysis of biological thiols: derivatization with monobromobimane and separation by reversed phase liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 111, 383–387.
Prior R.L., Cao G., Martin A., Sofic E., Mc Even J., O’Brien G., Lischner N., Ehlenfieldt M., Kalt W., Krewer G., Mainland C.M., 1998. Antioxidant capacity as influenced by total phenolic and antocyanin content, maturity, and variety of Vaccinium species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46 (7), 2686–2693.
Rice-Evans C. A., Miller N. J., Paganga G., 1997. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. New Trend Plant Sci. Rev. 2, 152–159.
Ścibisz I., Mitek M., 2001. Pojemność przeciwutleniająca borówki wysokiej i jej zmiany podczas przetwarzania i przechowywania. Zesz. Nauk. ISK. 9, 283–289.
Valencia E., Marin A., Hardy G., 2001. Glutathione – nutritional and pharmacologic viewpoints. Part IV. Nutrition 17, 783–784.
Warsaw Agricultural University
Warsaw Agricultural University
Warsaw Agricultural University
License
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
