Abstrakt
The influence of vegetation period length of cardoon plants (Cynara cardunculus L.) on herb yield and its pharmacological value conditioned by chemical contents in
air dried herb was examined in the research. The research conducted in the years 2009–2011 included valuation of total phenolic acids as equivalent to caffeic acid, flavonoids and tannins content in plants during their vegetative growth. The effect of the vegetation period length on cardoon plants yield was observed. The content of polyphenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic and cynarine) was marked with a performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The contents of biologically active compounds depended on plants age – the most phenolic acids were noted in herb harvested from plants 120-days and 150-days old (1.86–2.58%). Herb obtained from plants of different age contained from 0.38 to 0.43% flavonoids. More tannins were accumulated in young cardoon plants after 90–120 days of cultivation (3.72–3.43%) in comparison to plants 150-days old (3.25%). The content of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and cynarin in cardoon herb depended on length of vegetation period of plants. The content of phenolic acids in leaves increased with time. Values of correlation coefficients indicate significant correlation of total phenolic acids and tannins content in cardoon herb. The higher content of total phenolic acids the lower content of tannins (R = -0.88). Strong correlation was noted between the content of total phenolic acids and the content of chlorogenic acid (R = 0.67) and caffeic acid (R = 0.78). On the basis of the results of the presented work it could be stated that cardoon leaves are a valuable material for herb industry.
Bibliografia
AOAC Official Method (1965). Spectrophotometric Metod.
Balasundram, N., Sundram, K., Sammar, S. (2006). Phenolic compounds in plants and agriindustrial by-products. Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chem., 1, 191–203.
Bano, M.J., Lorente, J., Castillo, J., Benavente-Garcia, O., Rio, J.A., Otuno, A., Qurin K.W., Gerard, D. (2003). Phenolic diterpenes, flavones and rosmarinic acid distribution during the development of leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Rosmarinus officinalis and antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 4247–4253.
Benlloch-Gonzàlez, M., Fournier, J.M., Ramos, J., Benlloch, M. (2005). Strategies underlying salt tolerance in halophytes are present in Cynara cardunculus. Plant Sci., 168, 635–659.
Bundy, R., Walker, A.F., Middleton, R.W., Wallis, C., Simpson, H.C.R. (2008). Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) reduced plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults: A randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine, 15, 668–675.
Christ, B., Müller, K.H. (1960). Determination of the amount of flavonol derivatives in drugs. Arch. Pharm., 293, 1033–1042.
Djeridane, M., Yousfi, B., Nadjemi, D., Boutassouna, P., Stocker, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compounds. Food Chem., 97, 654–660.
Falleh, H., Ksouri, R., Chaieb, K., Karray-Bouraoui, N., Trabelsi, N., Boulaaba, M., Abdelly, C. (2008). Phenolic composition of Cynara cardunculus L. organs, and their biological activities. Comp. Ren. Biol., 331, 372–379.
Fernandez, J.A., Esteva, J., Gonzalezs, A., Revetre, J.A., Vincente, F., Lopez, A. (2005). New tendencies in the techniques of artichoke production in SE Spain. Acta Hort., 681, 215–220.
Fratianni, F., Tucci, M., De Palma, M., Pepe, R., Nazzaro, F. (2007). Polyphenolic composition on different parts of some cultivars of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori). Food Chem., 104, 1282–1286.
Gebhardt, R. (2005). Choleretic and anticholestatic activities of flavonoids of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hayek). Acta Hortic., 681, 429–435.
Gebhardt, R., Fausel, M. (1997). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of artichoke extracts and constituents in cultured rat hepatocytes. Tox. in Vitro, 11, 669–672.
Gouveia, S.C., Castilho, P.C. (2012). Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of cultivated artichoke, Madeira cardoon and artichoke-based dietary supplements. Food Res. Inter., 48, 712–724.
Göttman, S., Honermeier, B. (2003). Einfluss von bastandesdichte und standraumverteilung der pflanzen auf ertrag und qualität der blattdrogen bei der artischocke (Cynara scolymus L.). Mitt. Ges. Pflanzenbauwisse, 15, 211–214.
Kraft, K. (1997). Artichoke leaf extract-recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism, liver, and gastrointenstinal tracts. Phytomedicine, 4, 369–378.
Kukić, J., Popović, V., Petrović, S., Mucaji, P., Ćirić, A., Stojković, D., Soković, M. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Cynara cardunculus extracts. Food Chem., 107, 861–868.
Lattanzio, V., Cicco, N., Linsalata, V. (2005). Antioxidant activities of artichoke phenolics. Acta Hort., 681, 421–427.
Lutz, M., Henríquez, C., Escobar, M. (2011). Chemical composition and antioxidant properties at mature and baby artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) raw and cooked. J. Food Comp. Anal., 24, 49–54.
Morales, F., Cartelat, A., Alvarez-Fernandez, A., Moya, I., Cerovic, Z.G. (2005). Time-resolved spectral studies of blue-green fluorescence of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus) leaves: Identyfication of chlorogenic acid as one of the major fluorophores and age-mediated changes. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 9668–9678.
Pandino, G., Lombardo, S., Mauromicale, G., Williamson, G. (2011). Phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaf and floral stem of cultivated and wild Cynara cardunculus L. genotypes. Food Chem., 126, 417–422.
Pinelli, P., Agostini, F., Comino, C., Lanteri, S., Portis, E., Romani, A. (2007). Simultaneous quantification of caffeoyl esters and flavonoids in wild and cultivated cardoon leaves. Food Chem., 105, 1695–1701.
Polish Farmacopoeia IV (1970). Polish Farmaceutical Society, Warszawa, 41–42.
Polish Farmacopoeia VI (2002). Polish Farmaceutical Society, Warszawa, The Netherlands, 150.
Romani, A., Pinelli, P., Cantini, C., Cimato, A., Heimler, D. (2006). Characterization of Violetto di Toscana, a typical Italian variety of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Food Chem., 65, 221–225.
Rossoni, G., Grande, S., Galli, C., Visioli, F. (2005). Wild artichoke prevents the age associated loss of vasomotor function. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 10291–10296.
Sanchez-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J.A., Saura-Calixto, F. (1998). A procedure to measure the antiradical efficiency of polyphenols. J. Sci. Food Agric., 76, 270–276.
Schütz, K., Krammerer, D., Carle, R., Schieber, A. (2004). Identification and quantification of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) heads, juice and pomace by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 601–608.
Sharaf-Eldin, M.A., Schnitzler, W.H., Nitz, G., Razin, A.M., El-Oksh, I.I. (2007). The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on some phenolic substances in globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori). Sci. Hortic., 111, 326–329.
Sonnante, G., De Paolis, A., Lattanzio, V., Perrino, P. (2002). Genetic variation in wild and cultivated artichoke revealed by RAPD markers. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evo., l49, 247–252.
Speroni, E., Cervellati, R., Covoni, P., Guizzardi, S., Renzulli, C., Guerra, M. (2003). Efficacy of different Cynara scolymus preparation of liver complaints. J Ethnopharm., 86, 203–211.
Version 9.1 (2003). SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Wagenbreth, D., Eich, J. (2005). Farmaceutically relevant phenolic constituents in artichoke leaves are useful for chemical classification of accessions. Acta Hortic., 681, 467–474.
Wang, M., Simon, J., Aviles, I., He, K., Zheng, Q., Tadmor, Y. (2003). Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 601–608.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
