EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF VARIED NPK FERTILIZATION ON YIELDING AND MICROELEMENTS CONTENTS AT AMARANTH (Amaranthus cruentus L.) DEPENDING ON ITS CULTIVAR AND PLANT SPACING
Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz
University of Life Sciences in LublinMarzena S. Brodowska
University of Life Sciences in LublinRyszard Brodowski
Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences in LublinAbstract
Amaranth is not only of high dietetic (seeds and leaves), but also pro-health, ecological, agricultural, and ornamental quality. The aim of present research was to analyze the influence of cultivar, plant spacing, and diverse NPK fertilization on yielding and Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents in seeds, leaves, and stems of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.). The paper was based on three-year field experiment established by means of randomized sub-blocks (split-plot) in three replicates and included three variable factors: plant cultivar, spacing (two levels each), and NPK fertilization (four levels). Achieved results indicated that applied experimental factors contributed to a substantial differentiation of Amaranthus cruentus yields. Amaranth reacted with a significant increase of yields due to NPK fertilization. The highest yields were produced when fertilizing was applied at the rate of 90 kg N·ha-1, 60 kg P·ha-1 and 60 kg K·ha-1. Use of the highest NPK fertilization
(130 kg N·ha-1, 70 kg P·ha-1, 70 kg K·ha-1) was associated with the decrease of the test plant yielding, regardless of the cultivar or plant spacing. In most cases, the experimental factors exerted significant influence on the contents of analyzed microelements in leaves and seeds of amaranth plants. Analysis of partial eta-squared coefficients indicated that the plant cultivar explained the amaranth’s yielding variability to the highest degree, while NPK fertilization – copper, zinc, and iron levels in leaves, and copper and manganese in seeds. Manganese in leaves and zinc in seeds was the best explained by the cultivar of the test plant.
Keywords:
amaranthus, spacing system, ertilization, yield, content of microelementsReferences
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Pederson B., Kalinowski L.S., Eggum B.O., 1987. The nutritive value of amaranth grain (Amaranthus cadutus). 1. Protein and minerals of raw and processed grain. Plant Foods Human Nutr. 36, 309–324.
Piecyk M., Worobiej E., Rębiś M., Rębiś Ż., 2009. Zawartość i charakterystyka składników odżywczych w produktach z szarłatu. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. XLII(2), 147–153.
Pospišil A., Pospišil M., Varga B., Svečnjak Z., 2006. Grain yield and protein concentration of two amaranth species (Amaranthus spp.) as influenced by the nitrogen fertilization. Europ. J. Agronomy 25, 250–253.
Prokopowicz D., 2001. Właściwości zdrowotne szarłatu (Amaranthus cruentus). Med. Wet. 57(8), 559–561.
Ramachandra H.A., Thimmaraju K.R., 1983. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorous on growth components and yield of Amaranthus (Amaranthus gangeticus L.) cv. `A-25'. Mysore J. Agr. Sci. 17, 158–164.
Repo-Carrasco-Valencia R., Peña J., Kallio H., 2009. Dietary fiber and other functional components in two varieties of crude and extruded kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus). J. Cereal Sci. 49, 219–224.
Saini J.P., Shekhar J., 1998. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) cultivars under dry-temperate. Indian J. Agron. 43(4), 743–746.
Shukla S., Bhargova A., Chatterjee A., Srivastava J., Singh N., Singh S.P., 2006. Mineral profile and variability in vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor). Plant Foods Human Nutr. 61, 23–28.
Singh, B.P., Whitehead. W.F., 1993. Population density and soil pH effects on vegetable amaranth production. [In:] Janick J., Simon J.E. (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York, 562–564.
Singh B.P., Whitehead W.F., 1996. Management methods for producing vegetable amaranth. [In:] Janick J. (eds.), Progress in new crops. ASHS Press, Arlington, VA., 511–515.
Skwaryło-Bednarz B., Brodowska M.S., 2009. Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) as a plant with pro-health properties. [In:] Pasternak K. (red.), Pierwiastki, środowisko i życie człowieka, 280–287.
Sounders R.M., Becker R., 1983. Amaranthus: a potential food and feed resource. Adv. Cereal Sci. Technol. 6, 357–396.
Stallknecht, G.F., Schulz-Schaeffer J.R., 1993. Amaranth rediscovered. [In:] Janick J., Simon J.E. (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York, 211–218.
Subhan, 1989. Effect of dosage and application time of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) (Indonesian, English summary). Penelit. Hort. 17, 31–40.
Sujak A., Dziewulska-Hunek A., 2010. Minerale and fatty acids of amaranth seeds subjected to pre-sowing electromagnetical stimulation. Int. Agrophys. 24, 375–379.
Teutonico R.A., Knorr D., 1985. Amaranth: composition, properties and applications of a rediscovered food crop. Food Tech. 39, 49–60.
Tosi E.A., Lucero E.R.H., Mascarelli R., 2001. Dietary fiber obtained from amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) grain by differential milling. Food Chem. 73, 441–443.
Warechowska M., 2004. Wpływ nawożenia azotem i miedzią pszenżyta jarego na zawartość miedzi w ziarnie i jego wartość technologiczną. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 502, 395–402.
Willis R.B.H., Wong A.W.K., Scriven F.M., Greenfield H., 1984. Nutrient composition of Chinese vegetables. J. Agr. Food Chem. 32, 413–416.
Akinbile Ch.O., Yusoff M.S., 2011. Effect of tillage methods and fertilizer applications on Amaranthus cruentus in Nigeria. Inernat. J. Agric. Res. 6(3), 280–289.
Aufhammer W., Kaul H.P., Herz P., Nalborczyk E., Dalbiak A., Gontarczyk M., 1995. Grain yield formation and nitrogen uptake of amaranth. Eur. J. Agron. 4(3), 379–386.
Bailey J.M., 1992. The leaves we eat. Handbook No. 31. South Pacific Commission.
Becker R., Wheeler E.L., Lorenz K., Stafford A.E., Grosjean O.K., Betschart A.A., Saunders R.M., 1981. A compositional study of Amaranth grain. J. Food Sci. 46, 1175–1180.
Bejosano F., Corke H., 1998. Protein quality evaluation of Amaranthus wholemeal flours and protein concentrations. J. Sci. Food Agric. 76, 100–106.
Bobrzecka D., Faruga A., Domska D., Mikulski D., Wojciechowska B., 1999. Wpływ nawożenia NPK, B. Cu i Zn na plon zielonki szarłatu oraz jej wartość jako paszy dla kur. Zesz. Prob. Post. Nauk Roln. 468, 291–299.
Bobrzecka D., Wojciechowska B., Procyk Z., Wojtas A., 2000. Zawartość oraz jakość tłuszczu z nasion szarłatu (Amaranthus cruentus L.) w zależności od nawożenia miedzią. Rośliny Oleiste – Oilseed Crops 21, 301–308.
Czerwiński J., Bartnikowska E., Leontowicz H., Lange E., Leontowicz M., Katrich E., Trakhtenberg S., Gorinstein S., 2004. Oat (Avena sativa L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) meals positively affect plasma lipid profile in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets. J. Nutr. Biochem. 15, 622–629.
Fasuyi A.O., Dario F.A.S., Adeniji A.O., 2008. Tropical vegetable (Amaranthus cruentus) leaf meal as alternative protein supplement in broiler starter diets: bionutritional evaluation. J. Central Europ. Agric. 9(1), 23–34.
Gajewska R., Lebiedzińska A., Malinowska E., Szefer P., 2002. Ocena jakości zdrowotnej szarłatu (amarantusa). Roczn. PZH 53, 141–147.
Gontarczyk M., 1996. Szarłat uprawny – Amaranthus spp. [W:] Nalborczyk E. (red.), Nowe rośliny uprawne na cele spożywcze, przemysłowe i jako odnawialne źródło energii. Wyd. SGGW, Warszawa, 21–43.
Grajeta H., 1997. Wartość odżywcza i wykorzystanie szarłatu (Rodzaj Amaranthus). Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. 30, 17–23.
Igbokwe P.E., Hollins S., 2000. Response of vegetable amaranth to plant spacing. J. Veget. Crop Prod., 6(2), 75–85.
Januszewska-Jóźwiak K., Synowiecki J., 2008. Charakterystyka i przydatność składników szarłatu w biotechnologii żywności. Biotechnologia 3(82), 89–102.
Jurgiel-Małecka G., Suchorska-Orłowska J., 2008. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on content of microelements in selected onions. J. Elementol. 13(2), 227–234.
Keskar B.G., Bhore D.P., Patil A.V., Sonone H.N., Maslekar S.R., 1981. Comparative efficacy of soil and foliar application of nitrogen through urea on yield of leafy vegetable-Chaulai (Amaranthus blitum L.) at various seed rates. J. Maharashtra Agr. Univ. 6, 68–69.
Kozik E., Tyksiński W., Komosa A., 2009. Effect of chelated and mineral forms of micronutrients on their content in leaves and the yield of lettuce. Part III. Zinc. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 8(2), 37–43.
Krężel J., Kołota E., 2010. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on yielding and biological value of spinach grown for autumn harvest. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus 9(3), 183–190.
Mahus D.J., 1984. Evolution of amaranth as a potential regens crop in the Midlesouth. Hort. Science 19 (6), 881–883.
Makus, D.J., Davis D.R., 1984. A mid-summer crop for fresh greens or canning: vegetable amaranth. Ark. Farm Res. 33, 10.
Marciniak-Łukasiak K., Skrzypczak M., 2008. Koncentrat chleba bezglutenowego z dodatkiem mąki z szarłatu. Żywność. Nauka. Technologia. Jakość 4 (59), 131–140.
Melaku U., Kelbessa U., 2005. The chemical composition, protein fractions, mineral contents and nutritional quality of some amaranth grains collected from south western Ethiopia. Chem. Comp., Protein Fract., 15, 2, 77–87.
Modisane P. C., Beletse Y., Du Plooy C. P., 2009. Yield response of Amaranthus and Cleome to fertilizer application. African Crop Sci. Conf. Proceed. 9, 213–216.
Olaniyi I.O., Adelasoye K.A., Jegede C.O., 2008. Influence of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth, yield and quality of grain Amaranth varieties. World J. Agric. Sci. 4, 506–513.
Pederson B., Kalinowski L.S., Eggum B.O., 1987. The nutritive value of amaranth grain (Amaranthus cadutus). 1. Protein and minerals of raw and processed grain. Plant Foods Human Nutr. 36, 309–324.
Piecyk M., Worobiej E., Rębiś M., Rębiś Ż., 2009. Zawartość i charakterystyka składników odżywczych w produktach z szarłatu. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. XLII(2), 147–153.
Pospišil A., Pospišil M., Varga B., Svečnjak Z., 2006. Grain yield and protein concentration of two amaranth species (Amaranthus spp.) as influenced by the nitrogen fertilization. Europ. J. Agronomy 25, 250–253.
Prokopowicz D., 2001. Właściwości zdrowotne szarłatu (Amaranthus cruentus). Med. Wet. 57(8), 559–561.
Ramachandra H.A., Thimmaraju K.R., 1983. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorous on growth components and yield of Amaranthus (Amaranthus gangeticus L.) cv. `A-25'. Mysore J. Agr. Sci. 17, 158–164.
Repo-Carrasco-Valencia R., Peña J., Kallio H., 2009. Dietary fiber and other functional components in two varieties of crude and extruded kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus). J. Cereal Sci. 49, 219–224.
Saini J.P., Shekhar J., 1998. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) cultivars under dry-temperate. Indian J. Agron. 43(4), 743–746.
Shukla S., Bhargova A., Chatterjee A., Srivastava J., Singh N., Singh S.P., 2006. Mineral profile and variability in vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor). Plant Foods Human Nutr. 61, 23–28.
Singh, B.P., Whitehead. W.F., 1993. Population density and soil pH effects on vegetable amaranth production. [In:] Janick J., Simon J.E. (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York, 562–564.
Singh B.P., Whitehead W.F., 1996. Management methods for producing vegetable amaranth. [In:] Janick J. (eds.), Progress in new crops. ASHS Press, Arlington, VA., 511–515.
Skwaryło-Bednarz B., Brodowska M.S., 2009. Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) as a plant with pro-health properties. [In:] Pasternak K. (red.), Pierwiastki, środowisko i życie człowieka, 280–287.
Sounders R.M., Becker R., 1983. Amaranthus: a potential food and feed resource. Adv. Cereal Sci. Technol. 6, 357–396.
Stallknecht, G.F., Schulz-Schaeffer J.R., 1993. Amaranth rediscovered. [In:] Janick J., Simon J.E. (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York, 211–218.
Subhan, 1989. Effect of dosage and application time of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) (Indonesian, English summary). Penelit. Hort. 17, 31–40.
Sujak A., Dziewulska-Hunek A., 2010. Minerale and fatty acids of amaranth seeds subjected to pre-sowing electromagnetical stimulation. Int. Agrophys. 24, 375–379.
Teutonico R.A., Knorr D., 1985. Amaranth: composition, properties and applications of a rediscovered food crop. Food Tech. 39, 49–60.
Tosi E.A., Lucero E.R.H., Mascarelli R., 2001. Dietary fiber obtained from amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) grain by differential milling. Food Chem. 73, 441–443.
Warechowska M., 2004. Wpływ nawożenia azotem i miedzią pszenżyta jarego na zawartość miedzi w ziarnie i jego wartość technologiczną. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 502, 395–402.
Willis R.B.H., Wong A.W.K., Scriven F.M., Greenfield H., 1984. Nutrient composition of Chinese vegetables. J. Agr. Food Chem. 32, 413–416.
Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Marzena S. Brodowska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Ryszard Brodowski
Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences in Lublin
Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences in Lublin
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