Abstract
One of the reasons lowering the esthetic appearance of a lawn are diseases caused by fungi. The study on seed material of 11 ornamental grass species was carried
out in 2009 and 2010. 681 fungi isolates belonging to 22 species and non-sporulating forms were obtained over the two year study period. Among fungi pathogenic to grasses, species of the genus Fusarium were obtained especially in 2010. In that year, isolates of these fungi constituted 29.94% of all isolated colonies. Colonies of Alternaria alternata were also frequently isolated from the analyzed seed material of the ornamental grasses; in 2009 and 2010 its isolates accounted for respectively 25.36 and 12.57% of all isolates. The study on the health of ornamental grasses conducted in field conditions revealed the occurrence of plants with necrosis of the roots and lower stem internodes. The percentage of such plants ranged from 12% for Coix lacryma-jobi to 69% in the case of Festuca
ovina. The mean values of the diseases indices were from 2.6 in the case of Coix lacrymajobi to 39.6 for Lagurus ovatus and they differed significantly. From the infected plants mainly species of genus Fusarium were obtained. Majority of isolates consisted F. oxysporum and also F. culmorum, F. crookwellense, F. graminearum, F. solani, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and species Bipolaris sorokiniana and Exserohilum pedicellatum were obtained. Studies on susceptibility of the seedlings of seven ornamental grass species to infection by Fusarium culmorum No. 34 and F. equiseti No. 62 were conducted in a growth chamber. The statistical analysis of disease indexes for plants that grew in the experimental combination with artificial infection of the subsoil with abovementioned strains as compared to the control indicated significant differences in all studied species in the case of F. culmorum and in 5 species in the experimental combination with F. equiseti. Strain Fusarium culmorum No. 34 proved to be the most pathogenic towards Festuca glauca (98.25), and F. equiseti No. 62 towards Phalaris canariensis (89.5).
References
Apoga D., Akesson H., Jansson H.B., Odham G., 2002. Relationship between production of phytotoxin prehelminthosporol and virulence in isolates of the plant pathogenic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana. Europ. J. Plant Pathol., 108, 519–526.
Benett J.W., Klich M., 2003. Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 16(3), 497–516.
Chełkowski J., Mańka M., Kwaśna H., Visconti A., Goliński P., 1989. Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb., Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. And Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. Cultural characteristics, toxinogenicity and pathogenicity towards cereals. J. Phytopath., 124, 155–161.
Christensen C.M., 1972. Mycoflora and seed deterioration. In: Viability of seeds, Roberts E.H. (ed.). Chapman and Hall Ltd. London, 59–93.
Clarke R.G., Engling D.R., 1994. Effects of pathogens on perennial pasture grasses. New Zeland J. Agricult. Res., 37, 319–327.
Dahleen L.S., McCormic S.P., 2001. Trichothecene toxin effects on barley callus and seedling growth. Cer. Res. Comm., 29(1–2), 115–120.
Desjardins A.E., 2006. Fusarium mycotoxins, chemistry, genetics and biology. The American Phytopath. Society. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Elad Y., Williamson B., Tudzynski P., Delan N., 2007. Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Netherlands, Springer.
Eng-Chong Pua, Pelletier R., Klinck H.R., 1985. Seedling blight, spot blotch and common root rot in Quebec and their effect on grain yield in barley. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 7, 395–401.
Fedel-Moen R., Harris J.R., 1987. Stratified distribution of Fusarium and Bipolaris on wheat and barley with dryland root rot in South Australia. Plant Pathol., 36(4), 447–454.
Gilbert R.L., 2003. First report of Exserohilum pedicellatum on Zea mays in Australia. Plant Pathol., 52, 404.
Gołębniak B., 2001. The response of meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass and italian ryegrass to infection by Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. graminearum. J. Plant Protect. Res., 41(4), 395–401.
Isakeit T., Gao X., Kolomiets M., 2007. Increased resistance of a maize mutant lacking the 9–lipoxygenase gene, ZmLOX3, to root rot caused by Exserohilum pedicellatum. J. Phytopathol., 155, 758–760.
Kiecana I., 1994. Badania nad fuzariozą kłosów jęczmienia jarego (Hordeum vulgare L.) z uwzględnieniem podatności odmian i zawartości mikotoksyn w ziarnie. Rozpr. Nauk., AR Lublin, 161, 1–49.
Kiecana I., Mielniczuk E., Kaczmarek Z., Kostecki M., Goliński P., 2002. Scab response and moniliformin accumulation in kernels of oat genotypes inoculated with Fusarium avenaceum in Poland. Europ. J. Plant Pathol., 108, 245–251.
Kiecana I., Mielniczuk E., Cegiełko M., 2006. Badania podatności kłosów pszenicy ozimej (Triticum aestivum L.) na porażenie przez Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. Acta Agroph., 8(3), 629–633.
Kiecana I., Cegiełko M., Mielniczuk E., 2009. Występowanie Fusarium spp. na życie ozimym (Secale cereale L.) i podatność różnych genotypów na porażenie przez F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. i F. culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. Biul. IHAR 252, 151 – 161.
Kiecana I., Cegiełko M., Mielniczuk E., 2012. Fungi colonizing the swing material of turfgrasses considering susceptibility of cultivars to selected pathogens. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 5, 153–168.
Kućmierz J., Gorajczyk S., 1991. Mycoflora of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grains. The Polish Phytopath. Soc., Poznań. Phytopathol. Pol., 1(13), 58–61.
Kutrzeba M., 1994. Występowanie grzybów patogenicznych na gatunkach traw z rodzaju Festuca Huds. Biul. IHAR, 192, 113–121.
Little Ch.R., Perumal R., Tesso T., Prom L.K., Odvody G.N., Magill C.W., 2012. Sorghum pathology and biotechnology – a fungal disease perspective: Part I. Grain mold, head smut, and ergot. Europ. J. Plant Sci. Biotech., 6(1), 10–30.
Łacicowa B., 1969. Metoda laboratoryjna szybkiej oceny odporności jęczmienia jarego na Helminthosporium sativum P. K. et B. Biul. IHAR, 3–4, 61–62.
Łacicowa B., 1993. Exserohilum (= Setosphaeria) pedicellatum z korzeni jęczmienia. Acta Mycol., 28(1), 83–85.
Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., Zimowska B., 2000. Grzyby przenoszone przez materiał siewny roślin zielarskich. Acta Agrobot., 53(2), 25–38.
Majtkowska G., Majtkowski W., 2007. Trawy ozdobne. Wyd. Działkowiec, Warszawa.
Mańka M., 1989. Patogeniczność wybranych gatunków z rodzaju Fusarium dla siewek zbóż. Rocz. AR Pozn., Rozprawy Naukowe, 201, 1–64.
Marawh R.G., Fatope M.O., Deadman M.L., Al-Maqbali Y.M., Husband J., 2007. Musanahol: a new aureonitol – related metabolit from Chaetomium sp. Tetrahedron, 63(34), 8174–8180.
Mel’nik V.A., Braun U., 1999. Deuteromycetes from the Botanic Garden of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg. Schlechtendalia, 2, 39–36.
Mielniczuk E., 2001. The occurrence of Fusarium spp. on panicles of oat (Avena sativa L.). J. Plant Prot. Res., 41(2), 173–180.
Mielniczuk E., 2008. Pathogenicity of Fusarium crookwellense Burgess, Nelson and Toussoun to 12 genotypes of oat (Avena sativa L.) Plant Breed. Seed Sci., 57, 3–12.
Mielniczuk E., Kiecana I., Cegiełko M., Werwińska K., 2010. Grzyby zasiedlające materiał siewny owsa (Avena sativa L.). Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol., 556, 879–890.
Mishra C.B.P., Behr L., 1976. Der Einfluss von Kulturfiltraten von Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc., Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. und Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces. Griphosphaeria nivalis Müller et Arx auf die Keimung des Weizen. Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz, 12(6), 373–377.
Nakajima H., Toratsu Y., Fujii Y., Ichinoe M., Hamasaki T., 1998. Biosynthesis of sorokinianin a phytotoxin of Bipolaris sorokiniana: evidence of mixed origin from the sesquiterpene and TCA pathways. Tetrahedron Lett., 39, 1013–1016.
Packa D., 1997. Cytogenetic effect of Fusarium mycotoxins on root tip cells of rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean (Vicia fabe L. var. minor). J. Appl. Genet., 38(3), 259–272.
Pereira S.A., Dill-Macky R., 2008. Colonization of the residues of diverse plant species by Gibberella zeae and their contribution to Fusarium head blight inoculum. Plant Dis., 92(5), 800–807.
Pląskowska E., Wolski K., Moszczyńska E., Kaczmarek J., 2006. Study of the healthiness of species and cultivars of turfgrass and their mixtures for football pitches. Zesz. Nauk. UP we Wrocławiu. Rolnictwo, 88(545), 211–219.
Prończuk M., 2000. Choroby traw – występowanie i szkodliwość w uprawie na nasiona i użytkowaniu trawnikowym. Monografie i Rozprawy Naukowe IHAR Radzików.
Reed J. E., Patridge J. E., Nordquist P. T., 1983. Fungal colonization of stalks and roots of grain sorghum during the growing season. Plant Dis., 67, 4, 417 – 420.
Rotem J., 1994. The genus Alternaria. Biology, epidemiology and pathogenicity. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Sivanesan A., 1987. Graminicolous species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, Exserohilum and their teleomorphs. Mycological Papers 158 C.A.B. International Mycological Institute, Wallingford.
Smiley R.W., Dernoeden P.H., Clark B.B., 1992. Compendium of turfgrass diseases. American Phytopath. Society, Minnesota.
Thomma P.H., 2003. Alternaria spp.: from general saprophyte to specific parasite. Mol. Plant Pathol., 4(4), 225–236.
Truszkowska W., Chmurzyńska I., Czyrek A., Dorenda M., Dworzak B., Kutrzeba M., 1983. Zagadnienie zgorzeli podstawy źdźbła owsa (Avana sativa L.) w świetle doświadczeń agrotechnicznych. Rocz. Nauk Rol., ser. E, 13(1–2), 73–83.
Wheeler M.H., Stipanovic R.D., Puckhaber L.S., 1999. Phytotoxicity of equisetin and epiequisetin isolated from Fusarium equiseti and F. pallidoroseum. Mycol. Res., 103, 967–973.
Wiewióra B., Prończuk M., 2000. Mikroorganizmy zasiedlające nasiona traw i ich wpływ na występowanie chorób w uprawie trawnikowej. Biul. IHAR, 214, 269–284.
Wiśniewska H., Chełkowski J., 1994. Influence of deoxynivalenol on root tip cells of wheat seedlings. Acta Physiol. Plant., 16, 159 – 162.
Wojciechowski S., Chełkowski J., Kostecki M., 1995. Influence of deoxynivalenol on electrolyte leakage in cereal seedling leaves. Acta Physiol. Plantarum., 17(4), 357–360.
Żuk B., 1989. Biometria stosowana PWN, Warszawa.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
