GERANIUM (Pelargonium graveolens) EXTRACT AND MECHANICAL TREATMENT IMPROVE WATER RELATION, ENZYME ACTIVITY AND LONGEVITY OF CUT CHRYSANTHEMUM (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura) FLOWERS
Davood Hashemabadi
Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, IranHassan Abedini-Aboksari
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, IranShahram Sedaghathoor
Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, IranBehzad Kaviani
Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, IranAbstract
Application of safe organic compounds for the environment is an important approach to increase the longevity of cut flowers. Essences and herbal extracts are compounds having antimicrobial properties, thereby increasing the post-harvest life of cut flowers. Mechanical treatments such as splitting in the stem end also increase longevity of cut flowers. Essences and extracts of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) are biological compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that can be used as a vase solution. In this study, different concentrations of rose scented geranium extract and stem end slot were used to improve post-harvest life of cut chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura) flowers. The results showed that longevity of cut flowers treated in vase solution containing 100 mg l-1 rose scented geranium extract (18.43 days) with a slot of 5 cm at the stem end was significantly more than that of the control
(8.11 days). Water status, microbial population in vase solution and stem end, ionic leakage, and enzymes activities were significantly different between treated cut flowers and control.
Keywords:
microbial activity, non-chemical treatments, vascular obstruction, vase life, water absorptionReferences
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Anderson, L., Michelle, H., Serek, M. (2004). Reduced water availability improves drought tolerance of potted miniature roses: Is the ethylene pathway involved? J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 99, 95–105.
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Chamani, E., Khalighi, A., Babalar, M., Mostufi, Y. (2006). Thesis of Ph.D., Department of Horticultur, Faculty of Agriculture. Univ. of Tehran. 120 p.
Damunupola, J.W., Qian, T., Muusers, R., Joyce, D.C., Irving, D.E., Van-Meeteren, U. (2010). Effect of S-carvone on vase life parameters of selected cut flower and foliage species. Postharv. Biol. Tech., 55, 66–69.
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Ezhilmanthi, K., Singh, V.P., Arora, A., Sairam, R.K. (2007). Effect of 5-sulfosalicylic acid on antioxidant activity in relation to vase life of Gladiolus cut flowers. J. Plant Growth Reg., 51, 99–108.
Giannopolitis, C., Ries, S. (1997). Superoxide dismutase I: occurrance in higher plant. Plant Physiol., 59, 309–314.
Golias, J., Kobza, F. (2003). Responses of cut carnations to a low oxygen level in the ambient atmosphere. Hort. Sci., 2, 51–55.
Gul, F., Tahir, I. (2013). An effective protocol for improving vase life and postharvest performance of cut Narcissus tazetta flowers. J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci., 12, 39–46.
Halevy, A.H., Shlom, E., Ziv, O. (2002). Improving cut flower production of balloon flower. Hort. Sci., 37(5), 759–761.
Harinasut, P., Poonsopa, D., Roengmongkol, K., Charoensataporn, R. (2003). Salinity effects on antioxidant enzymes in mulberry cultivar. Sci. Asia., 29, 109–113.
Heath, R.L., Parker, L. (1986). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast: I. Kinetics and stiochiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 125, 189–198.
Ichimura, K., Taguchi, M., Morikoshi, R. (2006). Extension of the vase life in cut roses by treatment with glucose, isothiazolinonic germicide, citric acid and aluminum sulfate solution. Korean Soc. Horti. Sci., 40(3), 263–269.
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Jin, J., Ningwei, S.H., Nan, M., Jinhe, B., Junping, G. (2006). Regulation of ascorbate peroxidase at the transcript level is involved in tolerance to post harvest water deficit stress in the cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. Samanta. Postharv. Bio. Tech., 40, 236–243.
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Kazemi, M., Hadavi, E., Hekmati, J. (2012). Role of salicylic acid in decrease of membrane senescence in cut carnation flowers. J. Agric. Sci. Technol., 7(5), 1414–1423.
Kim, Y., Lee, J.S. (2002). Anatomical difference of neck tissue of cut roses as affected by bent neck and preservative solution. Korean J. Hort. Sci., 43(2), 221–225.
Laird, G., Philip, J., Pearson, S. (2003). Water loss from long-lived and shortlived rose cultivars. Procceding of 8th international symposium on postharvest physiology of ornamental plants. August 10–14. The Netherlands, 69 p.
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Liu, T., Zhang, Z., Joyce, D.G., He, S., Cao, J., Lv, P. (2009b). Effect of postharvest nano-silver treatments on cut flowers. Acta. Hort., 847, 245–250.
Mazumdar, B.C., Majumder, K. (2003). Methods on physcochemical analysis of fruits. University College of Agriculture, Calcutta Univ., 136–150.
Mortazavi, S.N., Naderi, R., Khalighi, A., Babalar, M., Allizadeh, H. (2007). The effect of cytokinin and calcium on cut flower quality in rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Illona). J. Food Agric. Environ., 5(3), 1459–1463.
Mousavi Bazaz, A., Tehranifar, A. (2011). Effect of ethanol, methanol and essential oils as novel agents to improve vase-life of alstroemeria flowers. J. Environ. Sci., 5, 41–46.
O’Donoghue, E.M., Somefield, S.D., Heyes, J.A. (2002). Vase solution containing sucrose result in changes to cell walls of sandersonia (Sandersonia aurantiaca) flowers. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 26, 285–294.
Panavas, T., Rubinstein, B. (1998). Oxidative events during programmed cell death of daylily (Hemerocallis hybrid) petals. Plant Sci., 133, 125–138.
Rezvanipour, S., Osfori, M. (2009). Effect of antimicrobial compounds on postharvest flower longevity of rose cut flower (Rosa hybrida L.). Proceedings of 6th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, Iran, 996–998.
Shanan, N. (2012). Application of essential oils to prolong the vase life of rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Grand) cut flowers. J. Hort. Sci. Ornam. Plants, 4(1), 66–74.
Singh, A., Kumar, J., Kumar, P. (2008). Effect of plant growth regulators and sucrose on postharvest physiology, membrane stability and vase life of cut spikes of Gladiolus. J. Plant Grow. Reg., 55, 221–229.
Sivakumar, D., Bautista-Banos, S. (2014). A review on the use of essential oils for postharvest decay control and maintenance of fruit quality during storage. Crop Prot., 64, 27–37.
Solgi, M., Kafi, M., Taghavi, T.S., Naderi, R. (2009). Essential oils and silver nanoparticles (SNP) as novel agents to extend vase-life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. Dune) flowers. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 53, 155–158.
Teixeira-da-Silva, J.A. (2003). Chrysanthemum: advances in tissue culture, cryopreservation, postharvest technology, genetics and transgenic biotechnology. Biotech. Adv. 21, 715–766.
Tewari, R.K., Kumar, T., Kim, S., Hahn, E.J., Paek, K.Y. (2009). Nitric oxide retards xanthine oxidase-mediated superoxide anion generation in Phalaenopsis flower: an implication of NO in the senescence and oxidative stress regulation. J. Plant Cell Rep., 28, 267–279.
Van Leperen, W., Nijsse, J., Keijzer, C.J., Van-Meeteren, U. (2001). Induction of air embolism in xylem conduits of pre-defined diameter. J. Exp. Bot., 52, 981–991.
Wittea, Y.D., Harkemaa, H., Doornob, W.G.V. (2014). Effect of antimicrobial compounds on cut Gerbera flowers: Poor relation between stem bending and numbers of bacteria in the vase water. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 97, 78–83.
Yamada, T., Takatsu, Y., Manabe, T., Kasumi, M., Marubashi, W. (2003). Suppressive effect of trehalose on apoptotic cell death leading to petal senescence in ethylene-insensitive flowers of Gladiolus. Plant Sci., 164, 213–221.
Zamani, S., Kazemi, M., Aran, M. (2011). Postharvest life of cut rose flowers as affected by salicylic acid and glutamine. World J. Appl. Sci., 12(9), 1621–1624.
Zhang, F.H., Wang, Y.J., Li, L., Liu, T. (2013). Effects of phosphine fumigation on posthar-vest quality of four Chinese cut flower species. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 86, 66–72.
Anderson, L., Michelle, H., Serek, M. (2004). Reduced water availability improves drought tolerance of potted miniature roses: Is the ethylene pathway involved? J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 99, 95–105.
Basiri, Y., Zarei, H., Mashayekhi, K. (2011). Effects of nano-silver treatments on vase life of cut flowers of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. ‘White Librity’). J. Adv. Lab. Res. Biol., 2(2), 49–55.
Chakrabarty, D., Kumar, Verma, A., Kumar Datta, S. (2009). Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity as the basis of senescence in Hemerocallis (day lily) flowers. J. Hort. Forest. 1, 113–119.
Chamani, E., Khalighi, A., Babalar, M., Mostufi, Y. (2006). Thesis of Ph.D., Department of Horticultur, Faculty of Agriculture. Univ. of Tehran. 120 p.
Damunupola, J.W., Qian, T., Muusers, R., Joyce, D.C., Irving, D.E., Van-Meeteren, U. (2010). Effect of S-carvone on vase life parameters of selected cut flower and foliage species. Postharv. Biol. Tech., 55, 66–69.
Dasilva, J.A.T. (2003). The cut flower: Postharvest considerations. Onl. J. Biol. Sci., 3, 406–442. Elgimabi, M.N., Ahmed, O.K. (2009). Effects of bactericides and sucrose-pulsing on vase life of rose cut flowers (Rosa hybirida). Int. J. Botany., 2, 164–168.
Ezhilmanthi, K., Singh, V.P., Arora, A., Sairam, R.K. (2007). Effect of 5-sulfosalicylic acid on antioxidant activity in relation to vase life of Gladiolus cut flowers. J. Plant Growth Reg., 51, 99–108.
Giannopolitis, C., Ries, S. (1997). Superoxide dismutase I: occurrance in higher plant. Plant Physiol., 59, 309–314.
Golias, J., Kobza, F. (2003). Responses of cut carnations to a low oxygen level in the ambient atmosphere. Hort. Sci., 2, 51–55.
Gul, F., Tahir, I. (2013). An effective protocol for improving vase life and postharvest performance of cut Narcissus tazetta flowers. J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci., 12, 39–46.
Halevy, A.H., Shlom, E., Ziv, O. (2002). Improving cut flower production of balloon flower. Hort. Sci., 37(5), 759–761.
Harinasut, P., Poonsopa, D., Roengmongkol, K., Charoensataporn, R. (2003). Salinity effects on antioxidant enzymes in mulberry cultivar. Sci. Asia., 29, 109–113.
Heath, R.L., Parker, L. (1986). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast: I. Kinetics and stiochiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 125, 189–198.
Ichimura, K., Taguchi, M., Morikoshi, R. (2006). Extension of the vase life in cut roses by treatment with glucose, isothiazolinonic germicide, citric acid and aluminum sulfate solution. Korean Soc. Horti. Sci., 40(3), 263–269.
In, B.G., Sootomura, K., Inamoto, M., Mora, G. (2007). Multivariente analysis of realation between preharvest environmental factors, postharvest morphological and physiological factors and vase life of cut ‘Asomi Red’ Roses. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci., 76, 66–72.
Jin, J., Ningwei, S.H., Nan, M., Jinhe, B., Junping, G. (2006). Regulation of ascorbate peroxidase at the transcript level is involved in tolerance to post harvest water deficit stress in the cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. Samanta. Postharv. Bio. Tech., 40, 236–243.
Kazemi, M., Ameri, A. (2012). Response of vase-life carnation cut flower to salicylic acid, silver nanoparticles, glutamine and essential oil. Asian J. Anim. Sci., 6(3), 122–131.
Kazemi, M., Hadavi, E., Hekmati, J. (2012). Role of salicylic acid in decrease of membrane senescence in cut carnation flowers. J. Agric. Sci. Technol., 7(5), 1414–1423.
Kim, Y., Lee, J.S. (2002). Anatomical difference of neck tissue of cut roses as affected by bent neck and preservative solution. Korean J. Hort. Sci., 43(2), 221–225.
Laird, G., Philip, J., Pearson, S. (2003). Water loss from long-lived and shortlived rose cultivars. Procceding of 8th international symposium on postharvest physiology of ornamental plants. August 10–14. The Netherlands, 69 p.
Liu, J.P., He, S.G., Zhang, Z.Q., Cao, J.P., Lv, P.T., He, S.D., Cheng, G.P., Joyce, D.C. (2009a). Nano-silver pulse treatments inhibit stemend bacteria on cut gerbera cv. Ruikou flowers. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 54, 59–62.
Liu, T., Zhang, Z., Joyce, D.G., He, S., Cao, J., Lv, P. (2009b). Effect of postharvest nano-silver treatments on cut flowers. Acta. Hort., 847, 245–250.
Mazumdar, B.C., Majumder, K. (2003). Methods on physcochemical analysis of fruits. University College of Agriculture, Calcutta Univ., 136–150.
Mortazavi, S.N., Naderi, R., Khalighi, A., Babalar, M., Allizadeh, H. (2007). The effect of cytokinin and calcium on cut flower quality in rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Illona). J. Food Agric. Environ., 5(3), 1459–1463.
Mousavi Bazaz, A., Tehranifar, A. (2011). Effect of ethanol, methanol and essential oils as novel agents to improve vase-life of alstroemeria flowers. J. Environ. Sci., 5, 41–46.
O’Donoghue, E.M., Somefield, S.D., Heyes, J.A. (2002). Vase solution containing sucrose result in changes to cell walls of sandersonia (Sandersonia aurantiaca) flowers. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 26, 285–294.
Panavas, T., Rubinstein, B. (1998). Oxidative events during programmed cell death of daylily (Hemerocallis hybrid) petals. Plant Sci., 133, 125–138.
Rezvanipour, S., Osfori, M. (2009). Effect of antimicrobial compounds on postharvest flower longevity of rose cut flower (Rosa hybrida L.). Proceedings of 6th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, Iran, 996–998.
Shanan, N. (2012). Application of essential oils to prolong the vase life of rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Grand) cut flowers. J. Hort. Sci. Ornam. Plants, 4(1), 66–74.
Singh, A., Kumar, J., Kumar, P. (2008). Effect of plant growth regulators and sucrose on postharvest physiology, membrane stability and vase life of cut spikes of Gladiolus. J. Plant Grow. Reg., 55, 221–229.
Sivakumar, D., Bautista-Banos, S. (2014). A review on the use of essential oils for postharvest decay control and maintenance of fruit quality during storage. Crop Prot., 64, 27–37.
Solgi, M., Kafi, M., Taghavi, T.S., Naderi, R. (2009). Essential oils and silver nanoparticles (SNP) as novel agents to extend vase-life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. Dune) flowers. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 53, 155–158.
Teixeira-da-Silva, J.A. (2003). Chrysanthemum: advances in tissue culture, cryopreservation, postharvest technology, genetics and transgenic biotechnology. Biotech. Adv. 21, 715–766.
Tewari, R.K., Kumar, T., Kim, S., Hahn, E.J., Paek, K.Y. (2009). Nitric oxide retards xanthine oxidase-mediated superoxide anion generation in Phalaenopsis flower: an implication of NO in the senescence and oxidative stress regulation. J. Plant Cell Rep., 28, 267–279.
Van Leperen, W., Nijsse, J., Keijzer, C.J., Van-Meeteren, U. (2001). Induction of air embolism in xylem conduits of pre-defined diameter. J. Exp. Bot., 52, 981–991.
Wittea, Y.D., Harkemaa, H., Doornob, W.G.V. (2014). Effect of antimicrobial compounds on cut Gerbera flowers: Poor relation between stem bending and numbers of bacteria in the vase water. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 97, 78–83.
Yamada, T., Takatsu, Y., Manabe, T., Kasumi, M., Marubashi, W. (2003). Suppressive effect of trehalose on apoptotic cell death leading to petal senescence in ethylene-insensitive flowers of Gladiolus. Plant Sci., 164, 213–221.
Zamani, S., Kazemi, M., Aran, M. (2011). Postharvest life of cut rose flowers as affected by salicylic acid and glutamine. World J. Appl. Sci., 12(9), 1621–1624.
Zhang, F.H., Wang, Y.J., Li, L., Liu, T. (2013). Effects of phosphine fumigation on posthar-vest quality of four Chinese cut flower species. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 86, 66–72.
Davood Hashemabadi
Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Hassan Abedini-Aboksari
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Shahram Sedaghathoor
Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Behzad Kaviani
Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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