The water footprint in production of animals for slaughter
MARIUSZ FLOREK
Katedra Towaroznawstwa i Przetwórstwa Surowców Zwierzęcych, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 LublinJOANNA BARŁOWSKA
Katedra Towaroznawstwa i Przetwórstwa Surowców Zwierzęcych, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 LublinZYGMUNT LITWIŃCZUK
Zakład Hodowli i Ochrony Zasobów Genetycznych Bydła, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 LublinAbstract
Human impact on the environment has grown much faster than what was expected. What is more people consume more natural resources than what Earth is capable of regenerating. At present, the global livestock sector uses about 75% of all agricultural land, and is responsible for about 30% of global agricultural water requirements. The expected rising demand for animal sourced foods in the future can potentially amplify environmental impacts as a result of rising incomes, growing population and urbanization. Therefore, the knowledge about water distribution for livestock production in different systems is of strategic importance. The water footprint values of meat animals are mainly determined by the type of diet and by productive efficiency of the animals. Additionally, the roughage-concentrate ratio and type of roughage significantly influence the footprint values. Having regard to the resources of fresh water, grazing systems for production of livestock for slaughter may be more preferable than industrial systems.
Keywords:
water footprint, meat, livestock, feedReferences
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Allan J.A., 1993. Fortunately, there are substitutes for water otherwise our hydro-political futures would be impossible. W: UK Overseas Development Administration, Priorities for Water Resources Allocation and Management, London, 13–26.
Bates B.C., Kundzewicz Z.W., Wu S., Palutikof J.P., 2008. Climate Change and Water. IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland.
Busscher W., 2012. Spending our water and soils for food security. J. Soil Water Conserv. 67, 228–234.
Chapagain A.K., Hoekstra A.Y., 2003. Virtual Water Flows between Nations in Relation to Trade in Livestock and Livestock Products; Value of Water Research Report Series No. 13, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
Chapagain A.K., Hoekstra A.Y., 2004. Water Footprints of Nations; Value of Water Research Report Series No. 16, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
Dyrektywa 2000/60/WE Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 23 października 2000 r. ustanawiająca ramy wspólnotowego działania w dziedzinie polityki wodnej (Dz.U. L 327 z 22.12.2000, s. 1).
FAO 2017. http://www.fao.org/gleam/en/ (dostęp 30.03.2017).
Foley J.A., Ramankutty N., Brauman K.A., Cassidy E.S., Gerber J.S., Johnston M., Mueller N.D., O’Connell C., Ray D.K., West P.C., Balzer C., Bennett E.M., Carpenter S.R., Hill J., Monfreda C., Polasky S., Rockström J., Sheehan J., Siebert S., Tilman D., Zaks D.P.M., 2011. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478, 337–343.
Gerbens-Leenes P.W., Mekonnen M.M., Hoekstra A.Y., 2011. A comparative study on the water footprint of poultry, pork and beef in different countries and production systems, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 55, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
Gerbens-Leenes P.W., Mekonnen M.M., Hoekstra A.Y., 2013. The water footprint of poultry, pork and beef: A comparative study in different countries and production systems. Water Resour. Ind. 1, 25–36.
Godfray H.C.J., Beddington J.R., Crute I.R., Haddad L., Lawrence D., Muir J.F., Pretty J., Robinson S., Thomas S.M., Toulmin C., 2010. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327, 812–818.
Herrero M., Wirsenius S., Henderson B., Rigolot C., Thornton P., Havlik P., de Boer I., Gerber P., 2015. Livestock and the environment: what have we learned in the past decade? Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 40, 177–202.
Hoekstra A.Y., 2010. The Water Footproint of Animal Products. W: J. D’Silva, J. Webster (red.), The meat crisis: Developing more sustainable production and consumption, Earthscan, London, UK, 22–33.
Hoekstra A.Y., Chapagain A.K., 2007. Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resour. Managem. 21, 35–48.
Hoekstra A.Y., Chapagain A.K., Aldaya M.M., Mekonnen M.M., 2011. The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard. Earthscan, London, UK.
Hoekstra A.Y., Hung P.Q., 2002. Virtual water trade. A quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international trade. International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade 12 (11), 1–244.
ISO 14046, 2014. Environmental Management – Water Footprint – Principles, Requirements and Guidelines.
Kirby R.M., Bartram J., Carr R., 2003. Water in food production and processing: quantity and quality concerns. Food Control 14, 283–299.
Mancosu N., Snyder R.L., Kyriakakis G., Spano D., 2015. Water scarcity and future challenges for food production. Water 7, 975–992.
Mekonnen M.M., Hoekstra A.Y., 2010. The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 48, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands.
Mekonnen M.M., Hoekstra A.Y., 2012. A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products. Ecosystems 15, 401–415.
OECD, 2017. Meat consumption (indicator). doi: 10.1787/fa290fd0-en (dostęp 30.04.2017).
Palhares J.C.P., Morelli M., Junior C.C., 2017. Impact of roughage-concentrate ratio on the water footprints of beef feedlots. Agricult. Sys. 155, 126–135.
Ran Y., van Middelaar C.E., Lannerstad M., Herrero M., de Boer I.J.M., 2017. Freshwater use in livestock production – To be used for food crops or livestock feed? Agricult. Sys. 155, 1–8.
Revell B.J., 2015. One Man’s Meat... 2050? Ruminations on Future Meat Demand in the Context of Global Warming. J. Agricult. Econ. 66 (3), 573–614.
Ridoutt B.G., Page G., Opie K., Huang J., Bellotti W., 2014. Carbon, water and land use footprints of beef cattle production systems in Southern Australia. J. Clean. Prod. 73, 24–30.
Rijsberman F., 2006. Water scarcity: Fact or fiction? Agricult. Water Managem. 80, 5–22.
Seré C., Steinfeld H., Groenewold J., 1995. World Livestock Production Systems: Current Status, Issues and Trends, FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, 127.
Schornagel J., Niele F., Worrell E., Böggemann M., 2012. Water accounting for (agro)industrial operations and its application to energy pathways. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 61, 1–15.
SIWI, IFPRI, IUCN, IWMI, 2005. Let it Reign: The New Water Paradigm for Global Food Security. Final Report to CSD-13. Stockholm International Water Institute, Stockholm.
Steinfeld H., Gerber P., Wassenaar T., Castel V., Rosales M., de Haan C., 2006. Livestock’s Long Shadow. Environmental Issues and Options. LEAD/FAO, Rome, Italy.
Westhoek H., Lesschen J.P., Rood T., Wagner S., De Marco A., Murphy-Bokern D., Leip A., van Grinsven H., Sutton M.A., Oenema O., 2014. Food choices, health and environment: effects of cutting Europe’s meat and dairy intake. Glob. Environ. Chang. 26, 196–205.
MARIUSZ FLOREK
Katedra Towaroznawstwa i Przetwórstwa Surowców Zwierzęcych, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin
Katedra Towaroznawstwa i Przetwórstwa Surowców Zwierzęcych, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin
JOANNA BARŁOWSKA
Katedra Towaroznawstwa i Przetwórstwa Surowców Zwierzęcych, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin
Katedra Towaroznawstwa i Przetwórstwa Surowców Zwierzęcych, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin
ZYGMUNT LITWIŃCZUK
Zakład Hodowli i Ochrony Zasobów Genetycznych Bydła, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin
Zakład Hodowli i Ochrony Zasobów Genetycznych Bydła, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin
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