Yield and quality of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) seeds depending on plant density in the field
BEATA KRÓL
Katedra Roślin Przemysłowych i Leczniczych, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie ul. Akademicka 15, 20-950 LublinAbstract
The field experiment (2011–2013) was focused on the assessment of the impact of
varied plant density (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 plants·m-2) and row spacing (25 and 40 cm) on the
size and quality of seed yields in two pot marigold cultivars. The morphological traits of pot marigold
plants and elements of the yield structure were correlated primarily with the weather conditions
prevailing over the study years, plant density, and varietal properties, but they only slightly
depended on row spacing. The highest seed yield (1895 kg·ha-1) and crude fat yield (400 kg·ha-1)
were obtained in 2013 characterised by the highest precipitation rates during the period of intensive
plant growth, while the lowest values were noted in 2012 (1515 kg·ha-1 seeds and 297 kg·ha-1
fat), in which the lowest precipitation values during the vegetation season were reported. Increasing
plant density contributed to an increase in the plant height and a simultaneous decline in the
number of floral heads per plant and in the thousand-seed weight. The highest seed yields from
both pot marigold cultivars were achieved at a density of 60 plants·m-2. The content and quality of
fat were mainly determined by the weather conditions during the seed formation period. Favourable
water conditions combined with moderate temperatures promoted the accumulation of crude
fat and linolenic acid isomers (CLNA). The quality of the seeds differed between the studied cultivars:
‘Orange King’ seeds were characterised by a higher level of fat (21.1%), whereas the oil
from the ‘Tokaj’ cultivar had a higher proportion of CLNA (49.97%). Row spacing and plant
density did not affect the chemical composition of the seeds.
Keywords:
cultivar, row spacing, fat yield, fatty acids, calendic acidReferences
Angelini L.G., Moscheni E., Colonna G., Belloni P., Bonari E., 1997. Variation in agronomic characteristics and seed oil composition of new oilseed crops in central Italy. Ind. Crop. Prod. 6, 313–323.
AOCS (American Oil Chemists Society), 1997. Preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids. 452 Official Method Ce 2–66. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press.
Białek A., Teryks M., Tokarz A., 2014. Sprzężone trieny kwasu linolenowego (conjugated linolenic acid – CLnA, super CLA) – źródła i działanie biologiczne. Post. Hig. Med. Dosw. 68, 1238–1250.
Biermann U., Butte W., Holtgrefe R., Feder W., Metzger J.O., 2010. Esters of calendula oil and tung oil as reactive diluents for alkyd resins. Eur. J. Lipid. Sci. Tech. 112, 103–109.
Cahoon E.B., Ripp K.G., Hall S.E., Kinney A.J., 2001. Formation of conjugated ∆8, ∆10-double bonds by ∆12-oleic-acid desaturase-related enzymes. Biosynthetic origin of calendic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 2637–2643.
Crnobarac J., Jaćimović G., Marinković B., Mircov V.D., Mrda J., Babić M., 2009. Dynamics of pot marigold yield formation depended by varieties and row distance. Nat. Prod. Commun. 4(1), 35–38.
Cromack H.T.H., Smith J.M., 1998. Calendula officinalis – production potential and crop agronomy in southern England. Ind. Crop. Prod. 7, 223–229.
Dulf F.V., Pamfil D., Baciu A.D., Pintea A., 2013. Fatty acid composition of lipids in pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) seed genotypes. Chem. Cent. J. 7, 8.
Fontes A.L., Pimentel L.L., Simões C.D., Gomes A.M., Rodríguez-Alcalá L.M., 2015. Evidences and perspectives in the utilization of CLNA isomers as bioactive compound in foods. Critical Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1063478.
Froment M., Mastebroek D., van Gorp K., 2003. A growers manual for Calendula officinalis L. Plant Research International, Wageningen, 11.
Janssens R.J., Vernooij W.P., 2001. Calendula officinalis: A natural source for pharmaceutical, oleochemical, and functional compounds. Inform. 12, 468–477.
Joly R., Forcella F., Peterson D., Eklund J., 2013. Planting depth for oilseed calendula. Ind. Crop. Prod. 42, 133–136.
Król B., 2013. Wpływ zagęszczenia roślin na plonowanie i jakość surowca nagietka lekarskiego (Calendula officinalis L.). Annales UMCS, sec. E, Agricultura 68(2), 42–49.
Król B., Paszko T., 2017. Harvest date as a factor affecting crop yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of the seeds of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) cultivars. Ind. Crop. Prod. 97, 242–251.
Król B., Paszko T., Król A., 2016. Conjugated linolenic acid content in seeds of some pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) cultivars grown in Poland. Farmacia 64(6), 881–886.
Li Q., Wang H., Ye S.H., Xiao S., Xie Y.P., Liu X., Wang J.H., 2013. Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of invasion in choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells by α-calendic acid and β-calendic acid. Prostag. Leukotr. Ess. 89, 367–376.
Martin R.J., Deo B., 2000. Effect of plant population on calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) flower production. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 28, 37–44.
Mili R., Sable A.S., 2003. Effect of planting density and nitrogen levels on growth and flower production of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). Ind. J. Hortic. 60(4), 339–403.
Özgül-Yücel S., 2005. Determination of conjugated linolenic acid content of selected oil seeds grown in Turkey. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 82, 893–897.
Ruiz de Clavijo E., 2005. The reproductive strategies of the heterocarpic annual Calendula arvensis (Asteraceae). Acta Oecol. 28, 119–126.
Seghatoleslami M.J., Mousavi G.R., 2009. The effects of sowing date and plant density on seed and flower yield of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Acta Hortic. 826, 371–376.
Shakib A., Nejad A.R., Khalighi A.H.M., 2010. Changes in seed and oil yield of Calendula officinalis L. as affected by different levels of nitrogen and plant density. Res. Crops 11(3), 728–732.
Walisiewicz-Niedbalska W., Patkowska-Sokoła B., Gwardiak H., Szulc T., Bodkowski R., Różycki K., 2012. Potencjalne surowce do otrzymywania bioaktywnych pochodnych tłuszczowych. Przem. Chem. 91(5), 1058–1063.
Katedra Roślin Przemysłowych i Leczniczych, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie ul. Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin
License
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
Self-Archiving Policy
Agronomy Science has adopted a self-archiving policy called blue by the Sherpa Romeo database. From 2021 authors can self-archive article postprints and editorial versions (under the CC BY 4.0 licence). Articles from earlier years (available under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence) can only be self-archived as editorial versions.
